Psychopathy, ADHD, and Brain Dysfunction as Predictors of Lifetime Recidivism Among Sex Offenders

Langevin, Ron; Curnoe, Suzanne

doi:10.1177/0306624x09360968

Cited by 42 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In other words, the BADS may be a better predictor of actual functioning than the other, classic neuropsychological tasks. Inconsistent findings may furthermore be caused by differences between the study populations regarding the rates of recidivism, as more (pronounced) dysfunction could be expected in recidivists (Hancock et al, 2010 ; Langevin and Curnoe, 2011 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several risk factors for recidivism have been identified, such as various demographic risk factors as age and sex (Piquero et al, 2013 ), unemployment (Verbruggen et al, 2012 ), and substance abuse (Håkansson and Berglund, 2012 ). Another risk factor for recidivism is a decline in general self-regulation (Mann et al, 2010 ) and executive dysfunction (Hancock et al, 2010 ; Langevin and Curnoe, 2011 ; Ross and Hoaken, 2011 ). Executive functions are higher order cognitive functions including planning, working memory, taking initiatives, set-shifting, attention, and impulse control (Jurado and Rosselli, 2007 ; Diamond, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prison brain? Executive dysfunction in prisoners

et al. 2015

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A better understanding of the functioning of the brain, particularly executive functions, of the prison population could aid in reducing crime rates through the reduction of recidivism rates. Indeed, reoffending appears to be related to executive dysfunction and it is known that executive functions are crucial for self-regulation. In the current paper, studies to executive functions in regular adult prisoners compared to non-offender controls were reviewed. Seven studies were found. Specific executive functions were found to be impaired in the general prison population, i.e., attention and set-shifting, as well as in separate subgroups of violent (i.e., set-shifting and working memory) and non-violent offenders (i.e., inhibition, working memory and problem solving). We conclude that the limited number of studies is remarkable, considering the high impact of this population on society and elaborate on the implications of these specific impairments that were found. Further empirical research is suggested, measuring executive functioning within subjects over time for a group of detainees as well as a control group.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prison brain? Executive dysfunction in prisoners

et al. 2015

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“…These search methods identified 20 studies that examined the ability of the PCL-R to predict sexual recidivism (see Table 1). We excluded effects fi-om studies that combined effects for sexual and violent offenders (e.g., Langevin & Cumoe, 2011;Urbaniok, Noll, Rossegger, & Endrass, 2007), although authors ÍTom one of these studies (Gonsalves, Scalora, & Huss, 2009) provided raw data that allowed us to calculate effects for sex offenders only. We also excluded sex offender studies that reported effects for only general recidivism (e.g.. Serin, Mailloux, & Malcolm, 2001).…”

Section: Studies Included In the Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychopathy and the combination of psychopathy and sexual deviance as predictors of sexual recidivism: Meta-analytic findings using the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised.

Hawes¹,

Boccaccini²,

Murrie³

2013

Psychological Assessment

166

136

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Clinicians routinely administer Hare's (2003) Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) to sex offenders and report PCL-R scores as meaningful predictors of recidivism risk. Although a 2005 meta-analysis reported a small (d=0.29) association between PCL-R scores and sexual recidivism (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005), no meta-analysis has examined effects for PCL-R factors and facets, the widely cited combination of high PCL-R and high sexual deviance scores, or potential moderators of the PCL-R/recidivism relation. We conducted a meta-analysis of effects from all available studies examining the relation between PCL-R scores and sexual recidivism (k=20, N=5,239). The effect for PCL-R Total scores predicting sexual recidivism was d=0.40, which falls beyond the upper end of the 2005 confidence interval [.20, .38]. Effects were stronger for Factor 2 (d=0.44) and Facet 4 (d=0.40) scores than other factor or facet scores (ds=0.01 to 0.17). Effects tended to be stronger for scores calculated for research (d=0.44) compared to those calculated for clinical use (d=0.28). Offenders who scored high on both the PCL-R and a measure of sexual deviance were more likely to reoffend sexually than other offenders (odds ratio=2.80 to 3.21, k=6). Results indicate that PCL-R scores, particularly combined with a measure of sexual deviance, are potentially relevant to sex offender risk. But results also underscore several practical challenges to implementing these findings in routine clinical practice.

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“…ADHD has also been associated with an earlier onset of antisocial behavior and delinquency (21,59), multiple serious offences (60), higher number of imprisonments and criminal recidivism (21,(61)(62)(63)(64), and more breaches of discipline among incarcerated individuals (21,65). Delinquent behavior among ADHD adolescents is a strong predictor for a high level of caregiver strain (66).…”

Section: Adhd As a Risk Factor For Criminalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance use disorders, and criminality: a difficult problem with complex solutions

Knecht¹,

Alvaro

Martínez-Raga³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health

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The association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and criminality has been increasingly recognized as an important societal concern. Studies conducted in different settings have revealed high rates of ADHD among adolescent offenders. The risk for criminal behavior among individuals with ADHD is increased when there is psychiatric comorbidity, particularly conduct disorder and substance use disorder. In the present report, it is aimed to systematically review the literature on the epidemiological, neurobiological, and other risk factors contributing to this association, as well as the key aspects of the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of ADHD among offenders. A systematic literature search of electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) was conducted to identify potentially relevant studies published in English, in peer-reviewed journals. Studies conducted in various settings within the judicial system and in many different countries suggest that the rate of adolescent and adult inmates with ADHD far exceeds that reported in the general population; however, underdiagnosis is common. Similarly, follow-up studies of children with ADHD have revealed high rates of criminal behaviors, arrests, convictions, and imprisonment in adolescence and adulthood. Assessment of ADHD and comorbid condition requires an ongoing and careful process. When treating offenders or inmates with ADHD, who commonly present other comorbid psychiatric disorder complex, comprehensive and tailored interventions, combining pharmacological and psychosocial strategies are likely to be needed.

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Psychopathy, ADHD, and Brain Dysfunction as Predictors of Lifetime Recidivism Among Sex Offenders

Cited by 42 publications

References 54 publications

Prison brain? Executive dysfunction in prisoners

Prison brain? Executive dysfunction in prisoners

Psychopathy and the combination of psychopathy and sexual deviance as predictors of sexual recidivism: Meta-analytic findings using the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance use disorders, and criminality: a difficult problem with complex solutions

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