Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond

Taylor, Michael Alan; Vaidya, Nutan Atre

doi:10.1176/jnp.17.2.246

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“… 55 By implementing psychological tests, life history records and therapist-guided interviews, the psychiatric assessment of mental disorders concentrates largely on externally observable behavior, possibly leaving a physiological causation masked. 55 , 58 This aspect must be considered when gathering and reporting data, because the observable behavior may be reducible to multiple factors. In a viral pandemic, anxiety, depression, and trauma can be environmentally (eg, exteroceptive) induced in infected and non-infected people alike.…”

Section: Common Neuropsychiatric Sequelae Of Viral Infection: Seconda...mentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV, HSV, SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola Share Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Sequelae

Büttiker¹,

Stefano²,

Weissenberger³

et al. 2022

NDT

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Long COVID, in which disease-related symptoms persist for months after recovery, has led to a revival of the discussion of whether neuropsychiatric long-term symptoms after viral infections indeed result from virulent activity or are purely psychological phenomena. In this review, we demonstrate that, despite showing differences in structure and targeting, many viruses have highly similar neuropsychiatric effects on the host. Herein, we compare severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), Ebola virus disease (EVD), and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). We provide evidence that the mutual symptoms of acute and long-term anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress among these viral infections are likely to result from primary viral activity, thus suggesting that these viruses share neuroinvasive strategies in common. Moreover, it appears that secondary induced environmental stress can lead to the emergence of psychopathologies and increased susceptibility to viral (re)infection in infected individuals. We hypothesize that a positive feedback loop of virus-environment-reinforced systemic responses exists. It is surmised that this cycle of primary virulent activity and secondary stress-induced reactivation, may be detrimental to infected individuals by maintaining and reinforcing the host’s immunocompromised state of chronic inflammation, immunological strain, and maladaptive central-nervous-system activity. We propose that this state can lead to perturbed cognitive processing and promote aversive learning, which may manifest as acute, long-term neuropsychiatric illness.

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Section: Common Neuropsychiatric Sequelae Of Viral Infection: Seconda...mentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV, HSV, SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola Share Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Sequelae

Büttiker¹,

Stefano²,

Weissenberger³

et al. 2022

NDT

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“…Once the linchpin of training, psychopathology now focuses on how to recognize the clinical features needed to apply DSM or ICD labels from a limited number of symptoms listed in symptom checklists. 73,74 The death of phenomenology following adoption of the DSM nomenclature is ably described by Andreasen. 75 Catatonia is singularly identified with schizophrenia in clinical teaching with the unfortunate consequence that antipsychotic medications are immediately prescribed.…”

Section: Resolving the Errormentioning

confidence: 99%

Catatonia Is not Schizophrenia: Kraepelin's Error and the Need to Recognize Catatonia as an Independent Syndrome in Medical Nomenclature

Fink¹,

Shorter²,

Taylor³

2009

Schizophrenia Bulletin

179

110

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Catatonia is a motor dysregulation syndrome described by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874. He understood catatonia as a disease of its own. Others quickly recognized it among diverse disorders, but Emil Kraepelin made it a linchpin of his concept of dementia praecox. Eugen Bleuler endorsed this singular association. During the 20th century, catatonia has been considered a type of schizophrenia. In the 1970s, American authors identified catatonia in patients with mania and depression, as a toxic response, and in general medical and neurologic illnesses. It was only occasionally found in patients with schizophrenia. When looked for, catatonia is found in 10% or more of acute psychiatric admissions. It is readily diagnosable, verifiable by a lorazepam challenge test, and rapidly treatable. Even in its most lethal forms, it responds to high doses of lorazepam or to electroconvulsive therapy. These treatments are not accepted for patients with schizophrenia. Prompt recognition and treatment saves lives. It is time to place catatonia into its own home in the psychiatric classification.

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“…The interface between neurology and psychiatry is particularly difficult in the HIV population who often have comorbid risk factors for cognitive and mental health decline. 15 Mental health professionals, general physicians, and neurologists need to be vigilant when assessing patients with new-onset mental health disturbances or cognitive decline. For psychiatrists, recognition of the possibility of secondary "organic" neuropsychiatric disease should prompt an assessment of cognitive function and exploration of an underlying cause.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Infection with Immunodeficiency Presenting with Subacute Cognitive Decline: Recent Illustrative Cases

Costello¹,

Davis²,

Venna³

2007

CNS spectr.

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We describe three recent patients in whom evaluation of subacute, progressive encephalopathy led to the initial diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The clinical neurological picture of a predominance of abnormalities of mental function with few elementary neurological deficits, in conjunction with a paucity of systemic symptoms and lack of evidence for prior opportunistic infections preceding the encephalopathy are notable. The cognitive, behavioral, and neuropsychiatric disturbances are described in detail to illustrate the range of manifestations of disordered mental states associated with encephalopathy in individuals with HIV infection. The importance of a comprehensive and broad-minded work-up by brain magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and specific microbiological tests in delineating the potential multifactorial pathogenesis of the cerebral syndromes in relation to the HIV infection is emphasized. The gratifying long-term clinical improvements in parallel with resolution of neuroimaging and other laboratory abnormalities in response to antiretroviral drug treatment are reported.

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Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

HIV, HSV, SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola Share Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Sequelae

HIV, HSV, SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola Share Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Sequelae

Catatonia Is not Schizophrenia: Kraepelin's Error and the Need to Recognize Catatonia as an Independent Syndrome in Medical Nomenclature

HIV Infection with Immunodeficiency Presenting with Subacute Cognitive Decline: Recent Illustrative Cases

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