Psychometric evaluation of two short versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale

Klaufus, Leonie; Verlinden, Eva; Wal, Marcel van der; Kösters, Mia P.; Cuijpers, Pim; Chinapaw, Mai J. M.

doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2444-5

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…The RCADS-22 [ 30 – 32 ] is a questionnaire for children and adolescents aged 8 to 18. It assesses “broad” anxiety (i.e., separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) with 15 items and depression with seven items that are based on DSM-IV criteria.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher scores are indicative of higher levels of anxiety and depression. A previous study by Klaufus and colleagues [ 32 ] found that a raw anxiety score of 14 and above can be used as the clinical cut-off for an anxiety disorder with sensitivity = 75% and specificity = 76% in a Dutch general school sample; however, Klaufus and colleagues were unable to indicate a cut-off score for depression. Therefore, we used a T -score of 70 and above as indicative of having a clinically relevant depressive disorder, which was revealed in another study in a U.S. sample [ 31 ], corresponding to a raw depression cut-off score of 10 in a representative Dutch sample [ 33 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adolescent anxiety and depression: burden of disease study in 53,894 secondary school pupils in the Netherlands

et al. 2022

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Background Prevalence rates of anxiety and depression in adolescence are rising markedly in early adolescence. It is important to quantify the non-fatal disease burden of anxiety and depression, such that early interventions can be well targeted, and resources can be allocated in a just and optimal way. This study aimed to estimate the non-fatal disease burden of anxiety and depression with and without suicidal ideation in girls and boys aged 13, 14, and 15 years. Methods Participants were 53,894 secondary school pupils who completed health questionnaires between September 2018 and July 2019. A design-based approach was used for complex survey data with post-stratification weights and taking clustering at school-level into account. At individual level, disability weights (DWs) were calculated for each disorder. At population level, DWs were multiplied by the point-prevalence per one thousand population of the respective disorders to compute years lived with disability (YLD). DWs and YLD of anxiety and depression were calculated with and without adjustment for comorbid eating disorders, substance use disorders and somatic illnesses. Results The unadjusted DW of depression with suicidal ideation (0.30) was greater than without suicidal ideation (0.26), and both were greater than the DW of anxiety (0.24). A similar ranking was obtained after adjusting for comorbidities. At population level, where the prevalence of the disorders come into play, the YLD disease burden was greatest for anxiety, followed by depression with suicidal ideation and depression without suicidal ideation with 17.40, 9.85, and 5.28 YLD per one thousand population, unadjusted for comorbidities. This pattern was the same after adjustment, but then the total YLD of depression with and without suicidal ideation was similar to the YLD of anxiety (12.47 and 12.46, respectively). Girls showed a significantly greater YLD burden of anxiety and depression than boys, but no differences were found between different age groups. Conclusions From an individual clinical perspective, depression, especially when accompanied by suicidal ideation, was identified as a major health concern, especially in girls. From a public health perspective, both anxiety and depression, especially when accompanied by suicidal ideation, were identified as major drivers of disease burden, again most notably in girls.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent anxiety and depression: burden of disease study in 53,894 secondary school pupils in the Netherlands

et al. 2022

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“…The items are ranked on a four-point scale (0 = never, 3 = always). The reliability and validity of the depression and anxiety subscales [ 41 ], and the reliability of total scores (sums of the two subscale scores) [ 40 , 42 ], have been confirmed. We used the total scale to measure internalizing problems, with higher scores indicating more frequent symptoms of these problems (i.e., depression and anxiety).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between adolescents’ internalizing problems and well-being: is there a buffering role of boys’ and girls’ relationships with their mothers and fathers?

et al. 2021

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Background Internalizing mental health problems (i.e., depression and anxiety symptoms) are known to be related negatively to adolescents’ well-being. However, whether this negative association manifests equally in boys and girls, and the potential buffering role of high-quality relationships with mothers and fathers, remain unknown. Thus, the present study was conducted to 1) investigate associations among adolescents’ internalizing problems and mother– and father–adolescent relationship quality, on the one hand, and adolescents’ well-being, on the other hand, 2) explore the buffering role of high-quality mother– and father–adolescent relationships in the association between adolescents’ internalizing problems and well-being, and 3) examine gender differences in these main and buffering effects. Methods The analysis sample consisted of 1064 adolescents (53.7% girls; aged 11–17 years) from three secondary schools in the Netherlands. Participants filled out an online questionnaire incorporating the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form to measure well-being, the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-25 to measure internalizing problems, and the Network of Relationships Inventory to measure mother– and father–adolescent relationship quality. The cross-sectional data were analyzed using path models in R, controlling for age, ethnocultural background, and education level. Multigroup analyses were performed to identify gender differences. Results Adolescents with fewer internalizing problems (β = − 0.40, p < 0.001) and adolescents with higher-quality relationships with their mothers and fathers reported higher concurrent levels of well-being (β = 0.10 to 0.18, all p < 0.01). The quality of mother-adolescent relationships had a significantly larger association with adolescents’ well-being than that of father-adolescent relationship quality. However, relationships with mothers and fathers did not significantly buffer the association between adolescents’ internalizing problems and well-being. Multigroup analyses revealed no difference between boys and girls. Conclusions The current study contributes to the understanding of internalizing problems as an important risk factor for adolescents’ well-being, regardless of the quality of relationships with mothers and fathers. The quality of adolescents’ relationships with their parents is associated positively with their well-being, even in the presence of internalizing problems. These findings underline the importance of mothers’ and fathers’ roles in adolescent boys’ and girls’ well-being.

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“…In the present study, children and parents were asked to indicate the frequency of symptoms on a 4-point Likert scale (with 0 = ‘never,’ 1 = ‘sometimes,’ 2 = ‘often,’ and 3 = ‘always’). The RCADS-25 has acceptable reliability in clinic and school-based samples ( Muris et al, 2002 ; Ebesutani et al, 2012 ; Klaufus et al, 2020 ), and this appears also to be true for the parent version of the scale ( Ebesutani et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Childhood Disorder: Dysregulated Self-Conscious Emotions? Psychopathological Correlates of Implicit and Explicit Shame and Guilt in Clinical and Non-clinical Children and Adolescents

et al. 2022

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This study examined psychopathological correlates of implicit and explicit shame and guilt in 30 clinical and 129 non-clinical youths aged 8–17 years. Shame and guilt were measured explicitly via two self-reports and a parent report, and implicitly by means of an Implicit Association Test (IAT), while a wide range of psychopathological symptoms were assessed with questionnaires completed by children, parents, and teachers. The results showed no differences of implicit and explicit shame and guilt between the clinical and non-clinical group, implying that dysregulation of these self-conscious emotions is not per definition associated with psychopathology. Correlational analyses indicated that self-reported explicit shame was positively associated with a broad range of internalizing psychopathology, while self-reported explicit guilt was associated with higher levels of anxiety and to some extent lower levels of externalizing psychopathology. Correlations with parent-rated shame and guilt revealed the same pattern of results but were in general weaker. Furthermore, implicit shame and guilt did not show significant correlations with the various measures of psychopathology. It can be concluded that the link between shame and guilt and psychopathology is complex, and partly dependent on the disorder under study and context-related factors defining the maladaptive nature of these self-conscious emotions.

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Psychometric evaluation of two short versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale

Cited by 47 publications

References 43 publications

Adolescent anxiety and depression: burden of disease study in 53,894 secondary school pupils in the Netherlands

Adolescent anxiety and depression: burden of disease study in 53,894 secondary school pupils in the Netherlands

Associations between adolescents’ internalizing problems and well-being: is there a buffering role of boys’ and girls’ relationships with their mothers and fathers?

Childhood Disorder: Dysregulated Self-Conscious Emotions? Psychopathological Correlates of Implicit and Explicit Shame and Guilt in Clinical and Non-clinical Children and Adolescents

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