“…Misinformation refers to false or misleading information that promotes claims already debunked by scientific evidence or expert opinions (Bok et al, 2023). In the COVID-19 context, concerns about the potential side effects, expedited development procedure, safety, and effectiveness associated with the COVID-19 vaccines have been mixed with conspiracy theories and malicious anti-vaccination discourse in vaccine-related misinformation (Featherstone & Zhang, 2020; Funk & Tyson, 2021).…”