Psychology Experiments as Interbeha Vioral Systems: A Case Study from the Soviet Union

Ray, Roger D.

doi:10.1007/bf03394446

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…If stimulus substitution is the underlying mechanism of classical conditioning, then it is reasonable to look for the "true" CR late in the CS-US interval (Gormezano, 1966;Martin & Levey, 1978;Thompson, 1976 Ray and Brown (1976). Changes in the intersignal structure of behavior are also well documented (Buzsaki et al, 1979a(Buzsaki et al, , 1979b(Buzsaki et al, , 1981Ray, 1977;Ray & Brown, 1976;Staddon, 1977). These intersignal effects might, at least partially, explain the trial-spacing effect of autoshaped key pecking (Gibbon, 1977(Gibbon, , 1981Jenkins, Barnes & Barrera, 1981).…”

Section: Measurement Of the Conditioned Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the Kupalov's place reflex is basically an instrumental paradigm in which the signal occurs as a result of subject-experimenter interaction (Ray, 1977), it was not possible to tell whether the signal-related activities were due to a Pavlovian CS-US relationship or a learned operant response-reinforcer relationship. This problem will be elaborated upon later.…”

Section: Conditioned Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

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The “Where Is It?” Reflex: Autoshaping the Orienting Response

Buzsáki

1982

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The goal of this review is to compare two divergent lines of research on signal-centered behavior: the orienting reflex (OR) and autoshaping. A review of conditioning experiments in animals and humans suggests that the novelty hypothesis of the OR is no longer tenable. Only stimuli that represent biological "relevance" elicit ORs. A stimulus may be relevant a priori (i.e., unconditioned) or as a result of conditioning. Exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that predicts a positive reinforcer causes the animal to orient to it throughout conditioning. Within the CS-US interval, the initial CS-directed orienting response is followed by US-directed tendencies. Experimental evidence is shown that the development and maintenance of the conditioned OR occur in a similar fashion both in response-independent (classical) and response-dependent (instrumental) paradigms. It is proposed that the conditioned OR and the signal-directed autoshaped response are identical. Signals predicting aversive events repel the subject from the source of the CS. It is suggested that the function of the CS is not only to signal the probability of US occurrence, but also to serve as a spatial cue to guide the animal in the environment.

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Section: Measurement Of the Conditioned Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conditioned Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

The “Where Is It?” Reflex: Autoshaping the Orienting Response

Buzsáki

1982

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…On the other hand, the integrated-field orientation recognizes the inherent (probabilistic) organization of the constituent elements in natural systems. This means that both response interdependence and stimulation-response interdependence is a given property, hence, responses are not dependent variables subject exclusively to external control (Henton & Iverson, 1978;Honig, 1959;Ray & Brown, 1975Ray, 1977;Upson & Ray, 1984). Clearly, single-response and isolated stimulus-response sequence methodologies are insufficient to reveal complex organismenvironment interdependencies; a multiple-component methodology is required.…”

Section: Organization In Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both systemic complexity and element probabilities may be illustrated by Ray's (1977) investigation of behavioral and environmental element variations when dogs received reinforcers for selected stimulus interactions in a large room where they were free to roam. Specifically, dogs were trained to come to, and remain on, an object placed on the floor (i,e., to stand, sit, or otherwise stay on a floor mat) to await one of two possible discriminative signals.…”

Section: Structural/functional Analysis: Component Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This function was intended by the experimenters, since they never paired M60 with the sound of the food tray and thereby never reinforced subsequent RUNs that occurred earlier in training. As such, the animal initiated its own discriminative settings, both positive and negative, via the same set of multiplecontingent behaviors (see Ray, 1977). Ray (1977) depicting the conduct of research by Soviet experimenters using the Kupalov "situational reflex" paradigm.…”

Section: Structural/functional Analysis: Component Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral systems analysis: Methodological strategies and tactics

Ray¹,

Delprato²

1989

Syst. Res.

Self Cite

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A general-systems model stressing the inherent organizational aspects of continuous behavioral-environmental interaction is presented as a natural extension of 20th century developments in scientific worldviews. The cultural context of scientific inquiry has often been depicted as a dynamic process which has evolved through at least three phases of philosophical orientation, or paradigmatics. Each paradigm has carried its own special implications for research strategies and tactics. Beginning with a substance-property view emphasizing self-action, scientific philosophy gradually shifted to a cause-effect orientation with emphasis on the lineal-mechanical aspects of that presumed process. Developments within this century have brought science to the integrated-fieldlsystems view of natural phenomena, with an associated emphasis on organizational properties and dynamics. However, psychology has lagged considerably in accommodating to this latter stage of scientific philosophy, both theoretically and methodologically. The model presented identifies with modern integrated-field/systems theory and offers empirical illustrations of its implications. Emphasis is placed on practical distinctions between structural, functional, and operational analysis, with special attention to such model-specific phenomena as behavioral velocity, kinematic syntax and variability, systemic coherence, and dynamic stability versus perturbed oscillations in systemic operations. Compatibilities between the behavioral systems model and various other contemporary efforts to expand psychological paradigmatics are reviewed in conclusion.KEY WORDS: behavioral systems, individual organism, scientific philosophy, systems methodology. w RITICAL OBSERVERS of behavioral sci- FROM INTEGRATED-FIELD TO SYSTEMS METHODOLOGYUnfortunately, the mechanistic stage of science left a methodological legacy in be-

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Response Patterning in Classical Conditioning

Henton¹

1978

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

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Psychology Experiments as Interbeha Vioral Systems: A Case Study from the Soviet Union

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

The “Where Is It?” Reflex: Autoshaping the Orienting Response

The “Where Is It?” Reflex: Autoshaping the Orienting Response

Behavioral systems analysis: Methodological strategies and tactics

Response Patterning in Classical Conditioning

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