Psychological problems and dream content of nightmare sufferers in Pakistan.

Abstract

In an urbanized setting in Pakistan, 14 nightmare sufferers (NS) were compared with 14 control dreamers (CD) on the standard scales of the MMPI (Urdu) as well as on selfreported ratings of dream content and sleep problems. These subjects were selected on a volunteer basis. Although the average MMPI profile of both groups was within the normal range (between T scores of 40 and 60), the nightmare sufferers obtained significantly higher scores on 7 of 10 clinical scales; the largest differences were on the psychasthenia, paranoia, and schizophrenia scales. Results are interpreted in light of the Pakistani cultural context.

Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.

“…Similar findings have been reported consistently for such other broad symptom reporting measures as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway & McKinley, 1942;see Hartmann et al, 1987;Kales et al, 1980;Najam & Malik, 2003;Nielsen, 2005), the Cornell Medical Index (Brodman, Erdman, Lorge, & Wolff, 1949;see Hartmann et al, 1987;Kramer, Schoen, & Kinney, 1984a), and the SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1994;see Blagrove et al, 2004;Kales et al, 1980;Levin & Fireman, 2002a;Zadra & Donderi, 2000). Zadra and Donderi (2000) found both the EPQ Neuroticism and SCL-90-R Symptom indexes to be related significantly to both retrospective and prospective nightmare frequency measures.…”

“…On the other hand, these same studies indicate that 2% to 6% of respondents report weekly nightmares, a frequency which corresponds to the ICSD-R definition of moderately severe nightmares. This estimated range of 2%-6% is highly robust across cultures, with similar rates reported in Canada (D. Belicki & Belicki, 1982;Coren, 1994); France (Ohayon et al, 1997); Iceland, Sweden, and Belgium (Bengtsson, Lennartsson, Lindquist, Noppa, & Sigurdsson, 1980;Janson et al, 1995); Austria (Stepansky et al, 1998), Finland (Hublin, Kaprio, Partinen, & Koskenvuo, 1999b; Japan (Fukuda, Ogilvie, & Takeuchi, 2000); the Middle East (Najam & Malik, 2003); and the United States Feldman & Hersen, 1967;Levin, 1994).…”

“…On the other hand, these same studies indicate that 2% to 6% of respondents report weekly nightmares, a frequency which corresponds to the ICSD-R definition of moderately severe nightmares. This estimated range of 2%-6% is highly robust across cultures, with similar rates reported in Canada (D. Belicki & Belicki, 1982;Coren, 1994); France (Ohayon et al, 1997); Iceland, Sweden, and Belgium (Bengtsson, Lennartsson, Lindquist, Noppa, & Sigurdsson, 1980;Janson et al, 1995); Austria (Stepansky et al, 1998), Finland (Hublin, Kaprio, Partinen, & Koskenvuo, 1999b; Japan (Fukuda, Ogilvie, & Takeuchi, 2000); the Middle East (Najam & Malik, 2003); and the United States Feldman & Hersen, 1967;Levin, 1994).Although a clinically significant frequency of nightmares is relatively common cross-culturally, the 2%-6% range reported may considerably underestimate this frequency for several reasons in addition to the definitional issues discussed in the previous section (the more recent ICSD-2 general population estimate of individuals with "a current problem with nightmares" is 2%-8%; American Sleep Disorders Association, 2005). In the following sections, we describe several of these, including participant age and gender, comorbid clinical conditions, and additional methodological pitfalls that may lead to an underestimation of the daily occurrence of nightmares.…”

Nightmare experience in bipolar I and II disorders.

“…Horrible Stimulation causes terror and stress to an individual, and these consequences were related to depression, as demonstrated previously (Kessler, 1997). The correlation between NEQ Horrible Stimulation and HCL-32 in BD II patients was in line with previous findings that frequent nightmare sufferers scored higher on the hypomanic state than those without nightmares (Kelly, 2016; Najam & Malik, 2003). Interestingly, the hypomanic state was related to the traumatic experience in nonepileptic seizure patients (Baillés et al, 2004), and the traumatic experience was related to the threats in dreams of children (Valli, Revonsuo, Pälkäs, & Punamäki, 2006).…”

The Anomalous Foundations of Dream Telling: Objective Solipsism and the Problem of Meaning

“…Narratives are sought via precision instruments such as formal interview and questionnaires. Coded dream variables are correlated both with other coded dream variables and with more traditional and independently obtained ecological and social variables (Bulkeley 2002;Van den Bulck 2004) and also with psychometrically obtained personality variables (Najma and Malik 2003;Pietrowsky and Köthe 2003). Narratives in both their natural and coded versions are subject to validity and reliability tests (e.g.…”