Psychological impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on Chinese people: Exposure, post-traumatic stress symptom, and emotion regulation

Jiang, Hong-juan; Nan, Jiang; Lv, Ziquan; Ye, Juan

doi:10.4103/1995-7645.281614

Cited by 99 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…These results are consistent with recent results obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic, which showed the protective function of the ability to cope with anxiety and stress through cognitive reappraisal. On the other hand, expressive suppression served as a risk factor for the development of psychopathological symptoms [ 31 , 32 ]. This result is consistent with previous studies which found that other traumatic events, such as war or abuse, suggested that PES involved SADNESS [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary Emotional Systems and Emotional Regulation

Mariani

Renzi

Monte

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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(1) Background: The COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a unique challenge as a severe global crisis affecting physical and psychological health. The main purpose of this work is to study the impact of a traumatic event while also observing the human ability to adapt. One of the first theories to study the adaptive importance of the evolutionary lineage of the affective systems is referred to as BrainMind (Panksepp, 2010). This study aims to explore whether primary emotional systems (PES) and emotion regulation (ER) strategies show differences between the pre- and post- lockdown period; and if positive systems and specific emotion regulation pre-pandemic act as a protective or risk factor for mental and physical wellbeing. (2) Methods: 98 participants who had participated in a previous study before the pandemic were re-contacted to refill the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) after the outbreak of the pandemic with the addition of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90R). (3) Results: The results showed that the COVID-19 lockdown rules had an impact on Emotional Regulation and on a re-balancing of PES. Moreover, pre-pandemic expressive–suppressive ERQ strategies and ANPS SADNESS scores appeared as relevant risk factors, which predicted higher Global Severity Index (GSI) scores during lockdown. (4) Conclusions: The lockdown appears to have activated PLAY and CARE as protective systems, but has detuned the ability to positively reinterpret the situation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary Emotional Systems and Emotional Regulation

Mariani

Renzi

Monte

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Recent cross-sectional studies (Blouin-Genest et al, 2020; Institut national de santé publique du Québec, [INSPQ] (2020;Jiang et al, 2020) demonstrate that, in the general population, the COVID-19 pandemic increased individuals' levels of distress, anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms. Specifically, two systematic literature reviews revealed that many individuals experienced high levels of psychological distress (from 34.43 to 38%), post-traumatic stress (7% to 53.8%), stress (8.1% to 81.9%), anxiety symptoms (6.33% to 50.9%), and depression (from 14.6 to 48.3%) (Salari et al, 2020a, b;Xiong et al, 2020).…”

Section: Pandemic Effects On Emotional Statementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, two systematic literature reviews revealed that many individuals experienced high levels of psychological distress (from 34.43 to 38%), post-traumatic stress (7% to 53.8%), stress (8.1% to 81.9%), anxiety symptoms (6.33% to 50.9%), and depression (from 14.6 to 48.3%) (Salari et al, 2020a, b;Xiong et al, 2020). Similarly, Jiang et al (2020) assert that the pandemic has produced symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly among women and people with responsibilities for or who have concerns about their friends or families. In Quebec, a study of 1000 participants in the general population found that between March and May 2020, one in ten individuals experienced psychological distress and perceived their mental health as fair or poor (INSPQ, 2020).…”

Section: Pandemic Effects On Emotional Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Early Childhood Educators’ Perceptions of Their Emotional State, Relationships with Parents, Challenges, and Opportunities During the Early Stage of the Pandemic

Bigras¹,

Lemay²,

Lehrer

et al. 2021

Early Childhood Educ J

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This article presents a study about the impact of COVID-19 on childcare center educators in Quebec (Canada). Regulated childcare services were closed due to the pandemic between March 16 and May 31, 2020, in areas considered "hot" (highly affected by the pandemic). During this time, some centers were transformed into "emergency childcare services" available to parents considered to be essential workers. Therefore, few children attended, and most educators worked remotely. In May 2020, 372 educators completed an online questionnaire regarding their emotional state, challenges, and learning opportunities. Results indicate that half of the respondents reported a decrease in their level of well-being at work and an increase in their stress level. Educators working remotely were more likely to report a lower level of stress than when working with children at daycare (36.1% vs 19.7%). Despite these findings, educators estimated that the parents who used their emergency childcare service presented either high (37.7%) or average (32.2%) levels of wellbeing. The factors that educators identified as facilitating their interactions with families included parental recognition of their work (11.68%) and direct contact with them (12.62%). While many tasks accomplished at home were done for the first time during this period (i.e., creating video capsules for children and parents, virtual meetings with children and colleagues), a large majority of respondents reported that these tasks made them feel useful. Working at their own pace (34.7%) was seen as the principal advantage of remote working. Finally, 28.84% mentioned that the reduced ratio (1:2 or 1:3) was a facilitating factor that they would like to maintain during the upcoming reopening phase. The discussion uses the Job Demands and Resources theoretical framework (Bakker and Demerouti in Wellbeing 3(2): 1-28, 2014; Dicke et al. in J Occupat Health Psychol 23(2): 262-277, 2017) to explain the educators' work-related demands and emotional state in both remote and CPE working pandemic contexts. In conclusion, we argued that this pandemic reveals the complexity, but also the essential nature of the work of early childhood educators, in particular by identifying their needs for support and recognition essential to their professional commitment.

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“…Expressive suppression is considered a maladaptive emotional regulation strategy, which has been shown to increase negative emotional feelings and result in poor social consequences (37). Generally, expressive suppression was associated with higher and cognitive reappraisal with lower posttraumatic symptoms in response to crisis (38,39), while another study reported a non-significant correlation between cognitive reappraisal and severity of posttraumatic symptoms in a clinical sample of trauma-exposed women (40).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Media Exposure, Psychological Distress, Emotion Regulation, and Depression During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Community Samples in China

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2021

Front. Psychiatry

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The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global emergency, affecting millions of individuals both physically and psychologically. The present research investigated the associations between social media exposure and depression during the COVID-19 outbreak by examining the mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating role of emotion regulation among members of the general public in China. Participants (N = 485) completed a set of questionnaires online, including demographic information, self-rated physical health, and social media exposure to topics related to COVID-19. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were utilized to measure psychological distress about COVID-19, depression, and emotion regulation strategies, respectively. Results found that older age and greater levels of social media exposure were associated with more psychological distress about the virus (r = 0.14, p = 0.003; r = 0.22, p < 0.001). Results of the moderated mediation model suggest that psychological distress mediated the relationship between social media exposure and depression (β = 0.10; Boot 95% CI = 0.07, 0.15). Furthermore, expressive suppression moderated the relationship between psychological distress and depression (β = 0.10, p = 0.017). The findings are discussed in terms of the need for mental health assistance for individuals at high risk of depression, including the elderly and individuals who reported greater psychological distress and those who showed preference usage of suppression, during the COVID-19 crisis.

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Psychological impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on Chinese people: Exposure, post-traumatic stress symptom, and emotion regulation

Cited by 99 publications

References 0 publications

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary Emotional Systems and Emotional Regulation

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary Emotional Systems and Emotional Regulation

Early Childhood Educators’ Perceptions of Their Emotional State, Relationships with Parents, Challenges, and Opportunities During the Early Stage of the Pandemic

Social Media Exposure, Psychological Distress, Emotion Regulation, and Depression During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Community Samples in China

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