Psychological Factors and Temporomandibular Outcomes

Wexler, Gerald B.; Steed, Pamela A.

doi:10.1080/08869634.1998.11746042

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It is also suggested that anxiety may be an important factor in the perception of pain, and that a reduction in anxiety levels may lead to more effective treatment response and/or more pain tolerance for TMD patients [Krogstad et al, 1996b]. Some recent data indicate that there is little to no support for the hypothesis that stress and psychological state have a significant effect on treatment outcome [Wexler and Steed, 1998]. Psychological factors may indeed play a part in TMD, and the incidence of depression and related disorders is traditionally higher in women.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Temporomandibular Disorders and Hormones in Women

Warren

Fried²

2001

Cells Tissues Organs

266

180

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Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are loosely defined as an assorted set of clinical conditions, characterized by pain and dysfunction of the masticatory system. Pain in the masticatory muscles, in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and in associated hard and soft tissues, limitation in jaw function, and sounds in the TMJ are common symptoms. That women make up the majority of patients treated for TMD is extensively hypothesized and documented in numerous epidemiological studies. Certain contradictory studies exist which propose that there are no statistically significant gender differences in the actual incidence of changes in joint morphology. Nonetheless, extensive literature suggests the disorder is 1.5–2 times more prevalent in women than in men, and that 80% of patients treated for TMD are women. The severity of symptoms is also related to the age of the patients. Pain onset tends to occur after puberty, and peaks in the reproductive years, with the highest prevalence occurring in women aged 20–40, and the lowest among children, adolescents, and the elderly. The gender and age distribution of TMD suggests a possible link between its pathogenesis and the female hormonal axis. In this review, we will use the hypothesis that the overwhelming majority of patients treated for temporomandibular disorders are women and use the available literature to examine the role of hormones in TMD.

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confidence: 90%

Temporomandibular Disorders and Hormones in Women

Warren

Fried²

2001

Cells Tissues Organs

266

180

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“…Numerous investigations have examined the relationship between psychological stress and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) (Fearon & Serwatka, 1983; Grzesiak, 1991; Vanderas, 1994; Wexler & Steed, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of war stress on the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders

Uhač

Kovač

Valentić-Peruzović

et al. 2003

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurring as a consequence of exposure to war stress. The examined group consisted of 100 male subjects, aged from 25 to 50 years, who had taken part in the War in Croatia, and in whom PTSD had previously been diagnosed. The control group comprised 100 subjects, without PTSD, of the same sex and age group, who had not taken part in the War. A functional evaluation of the stomatognathic system was performed using the Helkimo Anamnestic and Clinical Dysfunction Index. Eighty-two per cent of the group with PTSD had at least one symptom, and 98% at least one sign of dysfunction. Eight per cent reported mild symptoms and 74% severe symptoms. Twenty-eight per cent showed mild clinical signs, 22% had signs of moderate, and 48% of severe dysfunction. Twenty-four per cent of the control group of subjects had at least one symptom, and 52% at least one clinical sign of dysfunction. Twenty-two per cent reported mild and 2% severe symptoms. Mild clinical signs of dysfunction were found in 50% of subjects in the control group, moderate in 2% and none exhibited severe clinical signs. It is concluded that correlation exists between war stress and temporomandibular disorders.

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“…Some studies indicate a similarity to chronic pain patients [15], while others offer no evidence of consistent differences in TMD patients and controls [10,15 Á17]. Furthermore, study designs often leave the direction of possible causation open [3,6,14,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%