Psychological Distress Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults in the United Kingdom Based on Coordinated Analyses of 11 Longitudinal Studies

Patel, Kalpesh; Robertson, Elaine; Kwong, Alex; Griffith, Gareth J; Willan, Kathryn; Green, Michael J.; Gessa, Giorgio Di; Huggins, Charlotte; McElroy, Eoin; Thompson, Ellen J; Maddock, Jane; Niedzwiedz, Claire L.; Henderson, Morag; Richards, Marcus; Steptoe, Andrew; Ploubidis, George B.; Moltrecht, Bettina; Booth, Charlotte; Fitzsimons, Emla; Silverwood, Richard; Patalay, Praveetha; Porteous, David J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7629

Cited by 142 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Whilst it is clear that temporal experience during and after the pandemic are related to emotional and social states during and after the pandemic, the specific mechanisms by which temporal experience facilitate or impair recovery are unknown. However, emergent evidence of a time-trauma cycle in which distortions to time act as a reinforcer to trauma coupled with evidence that the deleterious effects of the pandemic on mental-wellbeing are long lasting [36,37] highlights the need for further research into the role of temporality in trauma. Researchers should therefore seek to understand how individual temporal experience and memory for time contribute towards impaired recovery and reduced wellbeing, and how these effects can be mitigated by methods known to reduce the perceived duration of events [45,46].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were also significant increases in worry, and to a lesser extent rumination, during periods of lockdown throughout the first year [36]. Indeed a combined analysis of 11 longitudinal studies assessing mental health before and during the first 12 months of the pandemic indicated that psychological distress increased during the initial periods of lockdown, particularly in young adults, and that this increased level of distress was maintained throughout the first 12 months of the pandemic, even during periods of reduced restrictions [37]. This type of prolonged and significant deterioration in mental wellbeing, accompanied by increased worry may also contribute to greater memory load and contextual change during the pandemic, resulting in distortion to memories for the perceived length of the pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This is because, the societal changes resulting from the pandemic have necessitated the learning of a significant number of new social rules, such as remembering to wear a mask and stay physically apart, and technical skills, such as online working tools and home schooling. Furthermore, there has also been significant emotional change as a result of the pandemic with incidences of depression, anxiety, eating disorder and stress increasing during the pandemic relative to before [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Therefore, according to Ornstein's [15] storage size model and Block and Reed [16] contextual change model, it is plausible that the pandemic may be remembered as longer than its actual duration because we made many new (albeit often unwanted) memories and experienced significant contextual and emotional change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How long was it for you? Memories of the duration of the UK covid-19 lockdown

Ogden

Piovesan

2022

PLoS ONE

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The covid-19 global pandemic has significantly impacted on the daily lives of people across the world. One consequence of this has been significant distortion to the speed at which time feels like it is passing during day-to-day life in comparison with prior to the pandemic. The current study sought to further understanding of the impact of the pandemic on temporal experience by exploring individual differences in the subjective length of the first 12 months of the pandemic in the UK. Using an online questionnaire, subjective judgments of the perceived length of the preceding 12 months were taken. In addition, measures of affect, task load and satisfaction with current levels of social interaction, physical activity, conformity with regulations, perceived covid risk and shielding status were taken. The results showed that only 9% of participants reported that the preceding 12 months felt like 12 months. The majority of participants (57%) reported that it felt like the pandemic had lasted for longer than 12 months, and this feeling was stronger for those who indicated greater levels of depression and anxiety, reduced physical activity, reduced satisfaction with social interaction and being advised to shield.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How long was it for you? Memories of the duration of the UK covid-19 lockdown

Ogden

Piovesan

2022

PLoS ONE

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“…Further, Ebrahimi et al [ 31 ] found, in a sample of over 10,000 respondents, that anxiety and depressive symptom prevalence had doubled compared to before the pandemic, with individuals who adopted social distancing practices having substantially higher rates of these disorders. Finally, initial longitudinal data disclose that deterioration in mental health because of pandemic stressors such as social distancing was not transient and has been sustained even after restrictions have relaxed [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Social Distancing and The Prevalence Of Emotional Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of COVID-19 Related Social Distancing on Mental Health Outcomes: A Transdiagnostic Account

Spencer-Laitt

Eustis

Barlow

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The COVID-19 pandemic, and the social distancing practices that followed, have been associated with increased prevalence of emotional disorders. However, not all individuals affected by COVID-19-related social distancing experienced elevations in emotional disorder symptoms. Understanding this phenomenon is of crucial public health significance given the burden of emotional disorders on individuals and systems. In this narrative review, we consider the differential impact of COVID-19-related social distancing on mental health outcomes from a transdiagnostic perspective. We argue that individuals high in negative affect and aversive reactivity to emotion, that is, neuroticism, and who respond to such emotional experiences with emotion-motivated avoidant coping, are most likely to experience emotional disorders in the context of COVID-19 social distancing. We acknowledge the pro-social and adaptive function of some types of avoidance during the pandemic, which may have initially buffered against negative mental health outcomes. Implications of this conceptualization for treatment of emotional disorders in the present sociocultural context are discussed.

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“…For example, many of the established UK-based cohort studies (e.g., Understanding Society; Millennium Cohort, etc.) fielded COVID-19 waves to collect new data from existing cohort members who had been recruited using probability-based sampling techniques before the pandemic (Patel et al, 2022). The superiority of probability-based samples over nonprobability quota based samples is well-acknowledged (Pierce, availability of 'pre-pandemic' data, often spanning many years or even decades, to detect meaningful change more readily in respondents' lives as a result of their experiences during the pandemic (Pierce, Hope, et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodological Issues Relating To Online Survey Research Dur...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the psychological and socio‐economic impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the UK: A methodological report from Wave 5 of the COVID‐19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study

McBride

Butter

Murphy

et al. 2022

Int J Methods Psych Res

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Objectives: The COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study was established in March 2020 to monitor the psychological and socio-economic impact of the pandemic in the UK and other countries. This paper describes the protocol for Wave 5 (March-April 2021). Methods: The survey assessed: COVID-19 related experiences; experiences of common mental health disorders; psychological characteristics; and social and political attitudes. Adults who participated in any previous wave (N = 4949) were reinvited to participate. Weights were calculated using a survey raking algorithm to ensure the longitudinal panel was nationally representative in terms of gender, age, and household income, amongst other factors. Results: Overall, 2520 adults participated. A total of 2377 adults who participated in the previous survey wave (November-December 2020) were re-interviewed at Wave 5 (61.5% retention rate). Attrition between these two waves was predicted by younger age, lower household income, children living in the household, and treatment for mental health difficulties. Of the adults recruited into the C19PRC study at baseline, 57.4% (N = 1162) participated in Wave 5. The raking procedure rebalanced the longitudinal panel to within 1.5% of population estimates for selected socio-demographic characteristics. Conclusion: This paper outlines the growing strength of the publicly available C19PRC Study data for COVID-19-related interdisciplinary research.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Psychological Distress Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults in the United Kingdom Based on Coordinated Analyses of 11 Longitudinal Studies

Cited by 142 publications

References 54 publications

How long was it for you? Memories of the duration of the UK covid-19 lockdown

How long was it for you? Memories of the duration of the UK covid-19 lockdown

The Impact of COVID-19 Related Social Distancing on Mental Health Outcomes: A Transdiagnostic Account

Tracking the psychological and socio‐economic impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the UK: A methodological report from Wave 5 of the COVID‐19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study

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