Psychological consequences and the related factors among COVID‐19 survivors in southeastern Iran

Abstract

Introduction Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) is a new viral disease that has spread rapidly worldwide since December 2019 and there is no effective treatment for it. The current study aimed to investigate the psychological consequences and related factors among COVID‐19 survivors. Methods This descriptive analytical study was conducted on 152 patients with COVID‐19 referred to referral hospitals in southeastern Iran in 2020. Data collection tools were three questionnaires of demographic and background information, Depression Anxiety stress Scale (DASS‐21) and Impact of Events Scale‐Revised (IESR). Descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS25 were used to analyze the data. Results The mean age of patients was 39.52 ± 13.16 years. The patients were mostly female (63.8%). Seventy‐three percent of the patients had severe posttraumatic stress disorder, 26.3% had moderate depression and 26.3% had severe anxiety. The mean scores of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety among patients with COVID‐19 were 41.59 ± 17.28, 12.13 ± 9.16, and 12.45 ± 10.71, respectively. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission, divorce, illiteracy, and retirement were all associated with higher psychological load among patients. Discussion and Conclusion The results showed that patients with COVID‐19 had different levels of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress. These results may direct the attention of the medical staff to the mental health of COVID‐19 patients, necessitating timely psychological care and intervention during an epidemic.

The Psychological Impact of Isolation on Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19 Infection in the UAE

“…However, those with medical condition or those with Arab nationality had strong magnitude of associations of psychological distress compared to their respective reference. We have a different finding with an Iranian study that found being divorced was associated with higher psychological load (depression and anxiety) among COVID-19 inpatients [ 26 ]. On a different note, the association between presence of medical condition or comorbidity and psychological impact among hospitalised patients has been established.…”

“…In this study, we found that the IES-R used in our study was reliable as the Cronbach’s alpha score of the IES-R (Bootstrap 95% confidence interval based on 1000 samples) was 0.93 (95% CI 0.908–0.949). The IES-R scale has been validated and has been frequently used for assessing the psychological impact of COVID-19 infections internationally, for example, in Jordan [ 15 ], China [ 25 ], Iran [ 26 ], and Italy [ 27 ]. Our regression analysis revealed that the length of hospital stay was significantly associated with higher levels of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) as measured using IES-R score, independent of age, gender, medical condition, marital status, and nationality.…”

“…This finding is in agreement with an integrative review which confirmed that hospitalisation experience negatively affected patients’ psychological well-being and increased feelings of depression and anxiety among adult patients regardless of the reason for admission [ 28 ]. An Iranian study on 152 patients with COVID-19 infection also revealed that 26% COVID-19 inpatients reported moderate to high levels of anxiety and depression [ 26 ]. Environmental factors (such as sunlight exposure in patients' rooms), social factors (such as financial difficulties), and health-related factors (such as illness severity and disease symptoms) have been shown to contribute to a poor hospitalisation experience [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Determinants of vaccine acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and prevention practices against COVID‐19 among governmental healthcare workers in Addis Ababa and Adama, Ethiopia: A cross‐sectional study

“… 13 Furthermore, age, gender, trust in government, training, education, and various socioeconomic variables were identified as determinants of vaccine acceptance. 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 Due to these and other unknown factors, the novel coronavirus vaccine acceptance will be a huge challenge to address, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. 12 …”

“…13 Furthermore, age, gender, trust in government, training, education, and various socioeconomic variables were identified as determinants of vaccine acceptance. [14][15][16][17][18] Due to these and other unknown factors, the novel coronavirus vaccine acceptance will be a huge challenge to address, particularly in lowand middle-income countries. 12 Healthcare workers are critical in providing instruction and factual information to clients, patients, and communities about the threats and benefits of the coronavirus vaccines.…”