Psychological and Physiological Changes in Response to the Cumulative Demands of a Women's Division I Collegiate Soccer Season

McFadden, Bridget A.; Walker, Alan; Bozzini, Brittany N.; Hofacker, Morgan L.; Russell, Mark; Arent, Shawn M.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004062

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Similarly, previous studies have assessed differences in RPE following each set rather than the overall session (11,30) which follows a similar pattern as sRPE in the current study. The Multicomponent Training Distress Scale score has not been assessed in previous research on this topic, but the current results show lower MTDS scores than previous data in team sports (34). Although there were no fluctuations in MTDS, DOMS exhibited different patterns of change between groups over the 6-week intervention.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Effects of Minimal-Equipment Resistance Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Military-Relevant Performance Outcomes

Cintineo,

Chandler,

Mastrofini

et al. 2024

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Cintineo, HP, Chandler, AJ, Mastrofini, GF, Lints, BS, McFadden, BA, and Arent, SM. Effects of minimal-equipment resistance training and blood flow restriction on military-relevant performance outcomes. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 55–65, 2024—This study compared minimal-equipment resistance training (RT) with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) to traditional-equipment RT on performance and body composition changes over 6 weeks. Reserve officers' training corps cadets and midshipmen (N = 54, 40.7% female) were randomized into traditional-equipment RT (TRAD), minimal-equipment RT (MIN), or minimal-equipment RT with BFR (MIN + BFR). Performance and body composition were assessed pretraining and post-training, and measures of intensity and workload were evaluated throughout. Performance assessments included the army combat fitness test (ACFT), countermovement vertical jump, 3RM bench press, and V̇O2max; body composition measures included body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and muscle and tendon thickness. All groups trained 4 days per week after a full-body routine. Data were analyzed by mixed-effects models (α = 0.05). Group-by-time interactions for 3RM deadlift and 3RM bench press (p < 0.004) showed larger improvements for TRAD compared with MIN and MIN + BFR. Time main effects for all other performance variables, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and muscle thickness (p ≤ 0.035) indicated improvements in all groups. A group-by-time interaction for blood lactate (p < 0.001) and group main effects for heart rate (p < 0.001) and workload variables (p < 0.008) indicated higher intensity and workload for MIN and MIN + BFR compared with TRAD. A sex-by-time interaction for 3RM deadlift (p = 0.008) and sex-by-group-by-time interaction for 3RM bench press (p = 0.018) were also found. Minimal-equipment RT improved performance and body composition, although strength improvements were greater with traditional equipment. Minimal-equipment RT and minimal-equipment RT with BFR exhibited higher exertion levels than TRAD, although adaptations were similar. Overall, individuals can improve performance and body composition using portable, field-expedient RT equipment.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Effects of Minimal-Equipment Resistance Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Military-Relevant Performance Outcomes

Cintineo,

Chandler,

Mastrofini

et al. 2024

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Self Cite

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“…It has been previously demonstrated that the accumulative stress of an entire season in NCAA Division I men’s [ 15 ] and women’s [ 16 ] soccer leads to significant hormonal perturbations, hematological changes and decrements in aerobic fitness and power, despite lower training loads as the season progressed, in relation to the higher workloads during the pre-season period. Further, post-season declines in soccer-specific fitness parameters appear to be related to the amount of match playing time completed by each player throughout the season [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Accumulated Workloads in Collegiate Women’s Soccer: A Comparison of Starters and Reserves

Jagim

Askow

Carvalho

et al. 2022

JFMK

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Research quantifying the unique workload demands of starters and reserves in training and match settings throughout a season in collegiate soccer is limited. Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to compare accumulated workloads between starters and reserves in collegiate soccer. Methods: Twenty-two NCAA Division III female soccer athletes (height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 65.42 ± 6.33 kg; fat-free mass: 48.99 ± 3.81 kg; body fat %: 25.22 ± 4.78%) were equipped with wearable global positioning systems with on-board inertial sensors, which assessed a proprietary training load metric and distance covered for each practice and 22 matches throughout an entire season. Nine players were classified as starters (S), defined as those playing >50% of playing time throughout the entire season. The remaining 17 were reserves (R). Goalkeepers were excluded. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine the extent of differences in accumulated training load throughout the season by player status. Results: Accumulated training load and total distance covered for starters were greater than reserves ((S: 9431 ± 1471 vs. R: 6310 ± 2263 AU; p < 0.001) and (S: 401.7 ± 31.9 vs. R: 272.9 ± 51.4 km; p < 0.001), respectively) throughout the season. Conclusions: Starters covered a much greater distance throughout the season, resulting in almost double the training load compared to reserves. It is unknown if the high workloads experienced by starters or the low workloads of the reserves is more problematic. Managing player workloads in soccer may require attention to address potential imbalances that emerge between starters and reserves throughout a season.

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“…While participants did not participate in testing on any given day if they were injured as defined in our exclusion criteria, anecdotally, the athletes complained of more "soreness," "tightness," etc, and sought athletic training services more frequently for treatment (ie, the athletic training clinic was visibly full of soccer players as the season progressed), without any diagnosed pathology. This observation is probably reflected in recent work that reported a continuous reduction in vigor in women's soccer players (as measured by the Multi-component Training Distress Scale) over the course of the season, 23,25 as well as an increase in depression at season's end. However, this remains somewhat conjectural since we did not administer a patient-reported outcome instrument to measure their impairments and health-related quality of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, this is somewhat conjectural as other factors during the season, such as cumulative fatigue, injury, motivation, etc, may also contribute to a decline in performance. To our knowledge, no one has investigated changes in lower limb function tests during a competitive athletic season, but there is a small body of literature in soccer players reporting decreases in some performance tests during the season, 4,25 which were attributed to a net catabolic effect of the physiological load experienced during a competitive season. As such, we do not know the appropriate time of the season to collect baseline RTS test data to give us a metric of the athlete’s best ability to use as a benchmark should injury occur.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Performance on Common Return-to-Sport Tests During a Collegiate Women’s Soccer Season: Implications for Baseline Testing

Montgomery

Carranza

2022

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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Background: Baseline testing of objective lower limb function may help clinicians make more informed return-to-sport (RTS) decisions in the event of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, as these tests are based on physical performance, it is possible that they improve during the season as athletes get stronger and fitter. Hence, it may be difficult to ascertain the patient’s preinjury status and have an accurate reference for comparison when determining readiness for RTS. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in common ACL RTS tests during a college soccer season to determine the most appropriate time to perform baseline testing. Hypothesis: Hop test performance will improve across the season. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory; prospective cohort. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A total of 31 women’s soccer players from 1 NCAA Division I university agreed to participate this study. Participants performed 4 single-leg hop tests and the 505-agility test to measure cutting speed on 3 occasions: preseason (PRE), midseason (MID), and end-of-season (END). Performance on each test was compared across days to determine whether performance increased during the season. As a secondary analysis, limb symmetry index (LSI) was also compared across the season. Results: A total of 23 participants (age, 19.7 ± 1.3 years; height, 1.69 ± 0.07 m; weight 60.9 ± 7.2 kg) completed all 3 testing sessions during the season. Performance during PRE was better than MID and END for all hop tests (all P < 0.01). LSI did not change during the season ( P value range, 0.18-0.79). Conclusion: Performance on the hop tests was best during preseason and declined thereafter, which may be reflective of cumulative fatigue. Clinical Relevance: Baseline testing of RTS tests performed during preseason may provide an accurate representation of an athlete’s best abilities over the course of a collegiate soccer season. Preseason testing would also enable athletic trainers to acquire baseline data for all athletes before they are injured.

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Psychological and Physiological Changes in Response to the Cumulative Demands of a Women's Division I Collegiate Soccer Season

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of Minimal-Equipment Resistance Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Military-Relevant Performance Outcomes

Effects of Minimal-Equipment Resistance Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Military-Relevant Performance Outcomes

Seasonal Accumulated Workloads in Collegiate Women’s Soccer: A Comparison of Starters and Reserves

Changes in Performance on Common Return-to-Sport Tests During a Collegiate Women’s Soccer Season: Implications for Baseline Testing

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