Psychological and immunological correlates of acute overtraining.

Fry, Rod W.; Grove, J. Robert; Morton, Alan R.; Zeroni, P M; Gaudieri, Silvana; Keast, David

doi:10.1136/bjsm.28.4.241

Cited by 110 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The flu-like symptoms and increased susceptibility to infection associated with UPS and acute bouts of intensified exercise (Fry et al 1991(Fry et al , 1994 have unknown mechanistic origins possibly related to a compromised innate immune response (Keast et al 1988). Neutrophils represent one of the key innate host defence cell populations responsible for the phagocytosis of many microbial, bacterial and viral pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in trained male triathletes following an acute period of intense interval training

2006

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The aim of the present study was to investigate possible changes in the plasma IL-6 levels, subjective reporting of sources and symptoms of stress and the innate immune system in response to an acute period of intensified run training in highly trained endurance athletes. Eight healthy endurance trained male subjects (mean +/- SD age 23 +/- 2 years, VO(2max) 64.8 +/- 2.6 ml kg(-1) min(-1), mass 77.1 +/- 2.9 kg) completed the study which took place over a 4 week period. In weeks 2 and 3, in addition to their normal endurance training, subjects completed interval-training run sessions on three successive days. Saliva and venous blood samples were taken at the end of each week. Blood samples were analysed for leukocyte counts; neutrophil function; plasma IL-6; creatine kinase activity; and cortisol. Symptoms and sources of stress were assessed by questionnaire. Plasma IL-6 and creatine kinase activity were elevated following intensified training. Neutrophil function was reduced but total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, plasma cortisol and salivary IgA remained unchanged. There was a worsening in symptoms of stress despite there being no significant change in the sources of stress during intensified training. In conclusion, an acute period of intensified training can induce a suppression of the innate immune system and a chronic elevation in IL-6. This was associated with an increase in fatigue and generalised malaise which lends support to the recent cytokine theories of unexplained, underperformance syndrome.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in trained male triathletes following an acute period of intense interval training

2006

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“…Maglischo (24) sugeriu, como forma de avaliar a capacidade anaeróbia, a determinação da concentração de lactato sanguíneo após esforços máximos, sendo que baixos valores de lactato, juntamente com desempenhos insatisfatórios, poderiam indicar a deterioração desta capacidade. No entanto, a diminuição da concentração sanguínea de lactato após esforços máximos pode ser devida a um estado de supertreinamento (6,16,20,42). Também são freqüentes metodologias que avaliam a força dos nadadores, fora da água, utilizando o banco de nado "swim bench" (38) e, na água, em situação de nado atado (3,13,17,23,25,29,32,33).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Utilização de métodos invasivo e não invasivo na predição das performances aeróbia e anaeróbia em nadadores de nível nacional

Papoti

Zagatto

Mendes

et al. 2005

RPCD

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RESUMOO objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a velocidade crítica (VC) com o limiar anaeróbio (LAN) e verificar as relações dessas variáveis e da capacidade de nado anaeróbio (CTA) com o desempenho de nadadores nas distâncias de 15m, 25m, 50m, 100m, 200m e 400m nado crawl. Participaram voluntariamente do estudo 8 nadadores de nível nacional, que realizaram 3 esforços progressivos (85%, 90% e 100%) de 400m nado crawl para determinação do LAN, bem como esforços máximos nas distâncias de 15m, 25m, 50m, 100m, 200m e 400m em estilo crawl. Os tempos obtidos nas distâncias de 200m e 400m foram submetidos ao procedimento de regressão linear para determinação da VC (coeficiente angular) e CTA (coeficiente linear). A VC (1,38 ± 0,07) não foi significativamente diferente (p<0,05) do LAN (1,37 ± 0,05) e apresentaram correlações significativas com a performance de 400m nado crawl (p<0,05), enquanto que a CTA não se correlacionou significativamente com nenhuma das performances de nado. Desse modo pode-se concluir que a VC é um parâmetro confiável na avaliação da capacidade aeróbia e na predição da performance de 400m nado crawl. No entanto, a CTA obtida pelo intercepto-y não foi um bom preditor da performance dos nadadores nas distâncias entre 15m a 400m.Palavras-chave: natação, capacidade anaeróbia, velocidade crítica, performance. ABSTRACT Use of invasive and non-invasive protocol tests on aerobic and anaerobic performances prediction in Brazilian swimmers The purpose of this study was to compare the critical velocity (VC) with the anaerobic threshold (LAN) and verify the relationship among

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“…Thus, higher expression of CD45RO on T cells may merely be indicative of the presence of acute infection, which is, of course, a possible cause of the underperformance. Fry et al (1994) reported a significant increase in activation markers (CD25, HLA-DR) in blood lymphocytes of "overtrained" athletes. Unresolved viral infections are not routinely assessed in elite athletes, but it may be worth investigating this in individuals experiencing fatigue and underperformance in training and competition.…”

Section: Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Meeusen¹,

Duclos²,

Foster³

et al. 2012

European Journal of Sport Science

615

934

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Successful training must involve overload, but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short-term performance decrement, without severe psychological, or lasting other negative symptoms. This Functional Overreaching (FOR) will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, Non-Functional Overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and the Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be 'prolonged maladaptation' not only of the athlete, but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirmor refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the aetiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, etc., together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this paper, we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meets all criteria to make its use generally accepted.

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Psychological and immunological correlates of acute overtraining.

Cited by 110 publications

References 49 publications

Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in trained male triathletes following an acute period of intense interval training

Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in trained male triathletes following an acute period of intense interval training

Utilização de métodos invasivo e não invasivo na predição das performances aeróbia e anaeróbia em nadadores de nível nacional

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

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