Psychogenic Problem (Endocrinal and Metabolic) in Chronic Arthritis

Nissen, H. Archibald; Spencer, Karen

doi:10.1097/00005053-193703000-00016

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Low rates of comorbidity between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis were initially reported by Nissen and Spencer (1936), and the first large‐scale review found reduced rates of rheumatoid arthritis in schizophrenics across 12 of 14 studies (Eaton et al 1992). A formal meta‐analysis was conducted by Oken & Schulzer (1999), who computed an overall relative risk for rheumatoid arthritis, in schizophrenics compared to individuals with other psychiatric diagnoses, of 0.288 ( P < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.22–0.38), from nine independent studies; they also estimated that the relative risk in schizophrenics, compared to the general population, may be as low as one‐third of this value.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative immunogenetics of autism and schizophrenia

Crespi

Thiselton

2011

Genes, Brain and Behavior

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Autism and schizophrenia are highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders, each mediated by a diverse suite of genetic and environmental risk factors. Comorbidity and familial aggregation of such neurodevelopmental disorders with other disease-related conditions can provide important insights into their etiology. Epidemiological studies have documented reduced rates of rheumatoid arthritis, a systemic autoimmune condition, in schizophrenia, and recent work has shown increased rates of rheumatoid arthritis in first-degree relatives of autistic individuals, especially mothers. Advances in understanding the genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis have shown that much of the genetic liability to this condition is due to risk and protective alleles at the HLA DRB1 locus. These data allow robust testing of the hypotheses that allelic variation at DRB1 pleiotropically modulates risk of rheumatoid arthritis, autism and schizophrenia. Systematic review of the literature indicates that reported associations of DRB1 variants with these three conditions are congruent with a pleiotropic model: DRB1*04 alleles have been associated with increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis and autism but decreased risk of schizophrenia, and DRB1*13 alleles have been associated with protection from rheumatoid arthritis and autism but higher risk of schizophrenia. These convergent findings from genetics and epidemiology imply that a subset of autism and schizophrenia cases may be underlain by genetically based neuroimmune alterations, and that analyses of the causes of risk and protective effects from DRB1 variants may provide new approaches to therapy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative immunogenetics of autism and schizophrenia

Crespi

Thiselton

2011

Genes, Brain and Behavior

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“…Another, as yet unexplained, finding is the reduced occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis in people with schizophrenia, first reported as early as 1936 by Nissen and Spencer (198). Numerous studies including several tens of thousands of patients were identified (7,18,85,(198)(199)(200)(201)(202)(203)(204)(205)(206)(207)(208)(209)(210)(211), the vast majority of which found a decreased frequency of rheumatoid arthritis among people with schizophrenia.…”

Section: Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases (392 Medline Hits)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies including several tens of thousands of patients were identified (7,18,85,(198)(199)(200)(201)(202)(203)(204)(205)(206)(207)(208)(209)(210)(211), the vast majority of which found a decreased frequency of rheumatoid arthritis among people with schizophrenia. Explanations may be of a genetic, environmental (institutionalization and sedentary lifestyle due to negative symptoms), pharmacological (analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of antipsychotic drugs) and biochemical (histo-imcompatibility factors) nature [for review see (212,213)].…”

Section: Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases (392 Medline Hits)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature

Leucht

Burkard

Henderson³

et al. 2007

Acta Psychiatr Scand

560

358

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Sartorius N. Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature.Objective: The lifespan of people with schizophrenia is shortened compared to the general population. We reviewed the literature on comorbid physical diseases in schizophrenia to provide a basis for initiatives to fight this unacceptable situation. Method: We searched MEDLINE (1966( -May 2006 combining the MeSH term of schizophrenia with the 23 MeSH terms of general physical disease categories to identify relevant epidemiological studies. Results: A total of 44 202 abstracts were screened. People with schizophrenia have higher prevalences of HIV infection and hepatitis, osteoporosis, altered pain sensitivity, sexual dysfunction, obstetric complications, cardiovascular diseases, overweight, diabetes, dental problems, and polydipsia than the general population. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer may occur less frequently than in the general population. Eighty-six per cent of the studies came from industrialized countries limiting the generalizability of the findings. Conclusion: The increased frequency of physical diseases in schizophrenia might be on account of factors related to schizophrenia and its treatment, but undoubtedly also results from the unsatisfactory organization of health services, from the attitudes of medical doctors, and the social stigma ascribed to the schizophrenic patients. Summations• According to this review it has been known for decades that incidences physical diseases are frequent in schizophrenia. Nevertheless, some areas such as infectious diseases have not been sufficiently studied.• Psychiatrists are often not trained well enough in the detection and treatment of physical diseases.They must be aware of the frequent medical comorbidities and should play a more active role in their diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.• Other necessary strategies include the education of patients, general practitioners and of doctors working in other medical specialities. The access to medical care of the mentally ill also needs to be improved, among others, by reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. Considerations• The review covered a broad area of research accordingly, focusing attention to details has not been possible.• Despite the broad search strategy, studies not covered by MEDLINE or not indexed by the MeSH term of schizophrenia could have been missed. • Due to considerable differences in the design and quality of the studies in assorted and diverse areas, quantitative approaches using meta-analysis were not possible, but should be the target of future reviews focusing.

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“…Nissen and Spencer [1936] report that a visit to a large mental hospital revealed not a single idio pathic arthritic in 2,200 psychotic cases. Further, among 500 arthritic cases which they analyzed, only 3 were found to have mental disease.…”

Section: Rheumatoid Arthritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Schizophrenia and Psychosomatic Illness: A Review

Ananth¹,

Engelsmann²

1984

Neuropsychobiology

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For centuries, a relationship between physical illness and mental illness has been assumed. Following this lead, many reports of an inverse relationship between a number of physical disorders and schizophrenia have appeared. Particularly, the low rates of occurrence of certain psychosomatic illnesses in schizophrenic patients seem to indicate a certain biological and psychodynamic basis. These associations are important in that they may unravel important etiological relationships. Furthermore, they are amenable to testing by epidemiological investigations. Hence there is a need to pursue these studies. The current data no doubt provide impetus for further work and directions for future studies. Well controlled and methodologically sound studies in this area may be of immense value in our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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Psychogenic Problem (Endocrinal and Metabolic) in Chronic Arthritis

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Comparative immunogenetics of autism and schizophrenia

Comparative immunogenetics of autism and schizophrenia

Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature

Relationship between Schizophrenia and Psychosomatic Illness: A Review

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