Psychiatric Outcomes, Functioning, and Participation in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns at Age 15 Years

Association of prenatal modifiable risk factors with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder outcomes at age 10 and 15 in an extremely low gestational age cohort

“…Prematurity itself has been identified as an independent risk factor for the development of ADHD ( Franz et al, 2018 ), with a two- to three-fold increased risk for those born at <33 weeks gestational age and four-fold increased risk for those born at <26 weeks ( Linnet et al, 2006 ; Johnson and Marlow, 2011 ). In our recent report on the ELGAN cohort, ADHD was the most frequently occurring psychiatric disorder in individuals born preterm, with a prevalence of 18% at age 15 ( Frazier et al, 2022 ). Perinatal medical and neurological factors contribute to risk of ADHD among individuals born preterm ( Indredavik et al, 2010 ; Leviton et al, 2018 ), but prior studies in this group have not focused on the contribution of modifiable maternal risk factors.…”

“…Children born very preterm are much more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, with a recent follow-up at age 15 of the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN) cohort ( Frazier et al, 2022 ) reporting that ADHD diagnoses were the most common psychiatric outcome (18% prevalence). It is unclear why children born preterm have an increased prevalence of ADHD.…”

Mediators of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder risk in individuals born preterm

“…Spencer et al 2 report additional childhood outcome and neuroimaging data from the Bristol cohort of 31 infants who had therapeutic hypothermia between 2007 and 2012, but did not have CP. On comparison with 32 typically developing age-matched peers, the cooled infants had substantial cognitive and memory impairment at early…”

“…1 In a large cohort of individuals born extremely preterm, ADHD was the most common psychiatric outcome at 15 years of age with a prevalence of 18%. 2 As compared to individuals born at term, those born most extremely preterm (22-25 weeks of gestation) have a more than fourfold increase in odds of any ADHD diagnosis, with tenfold increase in odds of ADHD inattentive subtype. 3 Identification of pre-, peri-, and postnatal risk factors for ADHD and a better understanding of the mechanisms linking preterm birth and ADHD later in life can inform the identification of ADHD to allow for early intervention, towards the goal of improving the life course of individuals born preterm.…”

“…Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder among children born preterm, with the highest risk group being those born extremely preterm (birth before 28 weeks of gestation) 1 . In a large cohort of individuals born extremely preterm, ADHD was the most common psychiatric outcome at 15 years of age with a prevalence of 18% 2 . As compared to individuals born at term, those born most extremely preterm (22–25 weeks of gestation) have a more than fourfold increase in odds of any ADHD diagnosis, with tenfold increase in odds of ADHD inattentive subtype 3 .…”