Psychiatric manifestations and associated risk factors among hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Edo State, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety and identify associated risk factors in hospitalised persons with confirmed COVID-19 in Edo, Nigeria.DesignA multicentre cross-sectional survey.SettingPatients with COVID-19 hospitalised at the three government-designated treatment and isolation centres in Edo State, Nigeria.ParticipantsThe study was conducted from 15 April to 11 November 2020 among 489 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and in treatment and isolation centres in Edo State, Nigeria. The mean age of participants was 43.39 (SD=16.94) years. Male participants were 252 (51.5%) and female were 237 (48.5%).Main outcome measuresThe nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire for depression, (total score: 0–27, depression ≥10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 for anxiety (total score: 0–21, anxiety ≥10), and social demographic and clinical characteristics for associated risk factors.ResultsOf the 489 participants, 49.1% and 38.0% had depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. The prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and combination of both were 16.2%, 12.9% and 9.0%, respectively. Moderate-severe symptoms of COVID-19, ≥14 days in isolation, worrying about the outcome of infection and stigma increased the risk of having depression and anxiety. Additionally, being separated/divorced increased the risk of having depression and having comorbidity increased the risk of having anxiety.ConclusionA substantial proportion of our participants experienced depression, anxiety and a combination of both especially in those who had the risk factors we identified. The findings underscore the need to address modifiable risk factors for psychiatric manifestations early in the course of the disease and integrate mental health interventions and psychosocial support into COVID-19 management guidelines.

Association between SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody titers and the development of post-COVID conditions: A retrospective observational study

“…Depressed mood was the only symptom that was associated with elevated SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody titers in this study. The mechanism by which depressed mood occurs after COVID-19 recovery is not clearly understood, although it has been reported that longer periods of isolation due to COVID-19 might be associated with an increased risk of having depression and anxiety (22). Antibody titers are considered to reflect the level of the immune response to COVID-19, and higher levels are more likely to be found in patients with a strong immune response and prolonged period of isolation in the hospital, which may explain the increased risk of developing a depressed mood.…”

Are the Comorbidities Constitute an Intrinsic Factor for Long COVID?

“…The psychological state of college students was found to be more vulnerable to the outbreak of COVID-19 than other groups [100]. Additionally, the existing literature on the mental health consequences of the pandemic on both the general population and persons with confirmed COVID-19 showed that depression, anxiety, and other mental health problems are common [101]. Moreover, the pandemic has been associated with increased health-related socioeconomic vulnerability among women, which is prevalent and associated with alarmingly high rates of mental health problems [102].…”