PSMA-Targeted Nanotheranostics for Imaging and Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Targeted nanotheranostic systems offer significant benefits due to the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic functionality, promoting personalized medicine. In recent years, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as an ideal theranostic target, fueling multiple new drug approvals and changing the standard of care in prostate cancer (PCa). PSMA-targeted nanosystems such as self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs), liposomal structures, water-soluble polymers, dendrimers, and other macromolecules are under development for PCa theranostics due to their multifunctional sensing and therapeutic capabilities. Herein, we discuss the significance and up-to-date development of “PSMA-targeted nanocarrier systems for radioligand imaging and therapy of PCa”. The review also highlights critical parameters for designing nanostructured radiopharmaceuticals for PCa, including radionuclides and their chelators, PSMA-targeting ligands, and the EPR effect. Finally, prospects and potential for clinical translation is discussed.

Advancing MRI with magnetic nanoparticles: a comprehensive review of translational research and clinical trials

“…Another clinical study by Hama et al 146 was able to detect every hepatic malignancy in a 0.35T MRI machine. Regarding prostate cancer, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as the best theranostic target, 147 warranting multiple studies that used active targeting in the form of antibodies 148 or even an innovative PSMA-targeting Glu-Urea-Lys scaffold. 149 Martin et al 150 targeted claudin-3 and -4 using a non-toxic Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, showing overexpression in high grade prostate cancers.…”

PSMA-targeted radiotheranostics in modern nuclear medicine: then, now, and what of the future?

“…The preservation of nanoseeds following direct injection into a PCa tumour xenograft was tracked using SPECT/CT due to the low-energy X-ray emission of palladium-103 ( 103 Pd), while the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated using a parallel [ 18 F]FDG PET study [174]. Various PSMA-targeted nanosystems, such as self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs), liposomal structures, water-soluble polymers, dendrimers, and other macromolecules, are under development for PCa radiotheranostics [175]. Notably, the groups of (PSMA-Ce6) nanoparticles to enhance photodynamic therapy for PCa.…”

“…In the aqueous phase, PSMA-Ce6 self-assembled into nanoparticles with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell, which significantly enhanced the accumulation of PSMA-Ce6 in the tumour [176]. Meher et al discussed the significance and up-to-date development of "PSMA-targeted nanocarrier systems for radioligand imaging and therapy of PCa"². PSMA-targeted nanosystems, such as self-assembled nanoparticles, liposomal structures, water-soluble polymers, dendrimers, and other macromolecules, are under development for PCa theranostics due to their multifunctional sensing and therapeutic capabilities [175]. Furthermore, a multifunctional melanin-like polydopamine (PDA) nanocarrier decorated with a low-molecular weight PSMA inhibitor was prepared [177].…”

PSMA Targeted Molecular Imaging and Radioligand Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Optimal Patient and Treatment Issues

“…Nanoparticles (NPs) such as polymers, DNA polyplexes, lipid particles, liposomes, metals, and proteins have been developed in regard to ligand molecules that target PSMA [ 72 ]. NPs targeting PSMA with metals such as iron oxide [ 73 ] and gold [ 74 ], polymers [ 75 ], and liposomes [ 76 ] have been developed and are expected to be used clinically in the future.…”