PSMA Immunohistochemistry in Hepatic Neoplasms

Abstract

Accurate classification of well-differentiated hepatocellular neoplasms can be challenging especially in core biopsies. Prostatespecific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been shown to highlight tumor-associated neovasculature in many nonprostatic solid tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Archived 164 hepatectomies and explants with 68 HCCs, 31 hepatocellular adenoma (HA), 24 dysplastic nodules (DN), and 42 metastases were retrieved, and pathologic parameters were evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive, and negative predictive values for correct diagnosis of HCC were calculated for PSMA and CD34 immunostains in tissue sections and HCC tissue microarrays. PSMA positivity was defined as capillarized sinusoidal/tumor-associated vessel staining involving ≥ 5% of the tumor area. In all, 55/68 (80.9%) HCC and 37/ 42 (88.1%) of liver metastasis were PSMA positive. PSMA was negative in HA, DN, and background liver (100% specificity). CD34 had a 98.5% sensitivity but a 65.5% specificity in identifying HCC. PSMA sensitivity remained high in the HCC tissue microarray (89.7%). PSMA was more accurate than CD34 (95.5% vs. 69.7%) in distinguishing grade 1 HCC from HA and high-grade DN while retaining high sensitivity (80%). The degree of PSMA positivity in HCC was greater in older, male, and human immunodeficiency virus patients (P < 0.05). No associations were found between PSMA staining and other tumor parameters (P > 0.05). PSMA is a marker of neoangiogenesis with increased expression in both primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies. Neovascular PSMA expression is more specific and accurate than CD34 for differentiating HCC from benign and precursor hepatic lesions. Diagnostic and therapeutic utility of PSMA radioligands in malignant liver neoplasms warrant further clinical investigations.

Multifaceted roles of lymphatic and blood endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review

“…HCC is a solid tumor with a high degree of capillarization and arterialization[ 106 , 107 ]. Thus, angiogenesis also plays a critical role in its development and metastasis.…”