“…Specifically, individuals suffering from depression have been shown to either have no optimism bias, or a pessimism bias where individuals overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes (Garrett et al, 2014;Hobbs et al, 2022;Korn et al, 2014). Core symptoms of depression, such as anhedonia and apathy result in withdrawing from the world, the opposite behaviour that optimism promotes (Cooper et al, 2018;Fisher et al, 2024;Rizvi et al, 2016), and treatment of depression includes behavioural activation that reverses this behaviour by encouraging engagement with the world (Soucy Chartier & Provencher, 2013;Tindall et al, 2017).…”