Pseudorabies virus induces a rapid up-regulation of nitric oxide synthases in the nervous system of swine

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical gas with important roles in the host's immune response against viral infections. In this study, we examined the kinetics and distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression during the early steps of infection of the porcine nervous system by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV). To this end, we examined changes in the expression of the three major NOS isoforms, neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS), by immunohistochemistry in the trigeminal ganglia and brain of pigs inoculated intranasally with a virulent PRV strain. The results obtained show that infection of the porcine nervous system by PRV induced a rapid and progressive increment in NOS expression that coincided in timing, location, and magnitude with those of virus propagation in the nervous tissue. A major finding of this study was that PRV caused not only nNOS and iNOS induction in a variety of cell types, but also eNOS up-regulation in endothelial cells and neurons; therefore, all possible sources of NO are activated and probably contribute to the overproduction of NO during infection with the neurotropic alphaherpesvirus PRV in its natural host.

Experimental PorcineToxoplasma gondiiInfection as a Representative Model for Human Toxoplasmosis

“…For example, iNOS was frequently reported to inhibit the growth of parasites in vitro and in vivo especially in mice. However, despite the observation that nitric oxide is involved in the pathophysiological processes during septic shock and LPS response in pigs [ 37 , 38 ] and that iNOS is upregulated in the central nervous system of swine following infection with pseudorabies [ 39 ], iNOS is not an essential part of the innate immune response in pigs [ 40 ].…”

Efeitos da administração de Zinco e L-arginina na prenhez de ratos Wistar infectados pela cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi

“…A deficiência de zinco, observada em mulheres grávidas e recém nascidos, em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, pode alterar o desenvolvimento fetal e pós-natal (VALLEE & FALCHUK, 1993;SANDSTEAD, 1995 (MONCADA et al, 1991;MONCADA & HIGGS, 2006). É uma molécula efetiva contra patógenos intracelulares, tais como T. cruzi, apresentando atividade antibacteriana, antiparasitária e antiviral (FLORA & ZILBERSTEIN, 2002;AKAMINE et al, 2007;MARCACCINI et al, 2007). NO monstrou-se altamente citotóxico contra as formas amastigotas de T. cruzi (THOMSON et al, 1999 Diversos estudos demonstram que a fagocitose placentária é um dos fatores que impedem a transmissão de cepas patogênicas para o feto (MOR et al, 2003;SOUTHCOMBE et al, 2011;KIM et al, 2012).…”

Efeito da administração de melatonina em ratos orquiectomizados e infectados com Trypanosoma cruzi

“…Tem importante papel no controle de muitas infecções, principalmente contra patógenos intracelulares incluindo Leishmania major (LIEW et al, 1991;EVANS et al, 1996), T. gondii (ADAMS et al, 1990) e T. cruzi (GAZZINELLI et al, 1992;JAMES, 1995), apresentando atividade antibacteriana, antiparasitária e antiviral (FLORA & ZILBERSTEIN, 2002;AKAMINE et al, 2007;MARCACCINI et al, 2007). É gerado por uma família de isoenzimas expressas em uma grande variedade de células de mamíferos, por meio da catálise enzimática de aminoácido essencial L-arginina (PADILLA et al, 2007;DOSREIS et al, 2005;COSTA et al, 2006).…”