Pseudorabies virus encephalitis in humans: a case series study

Fan, Siyuan; Yuan, Hongxun; Liu, Lei; Li, Hongfang; Wang, Shengnan; Zhao, Weili; Wu, Yue; Wang, Pei; Y, Hu; Han, Jun; Lyu, Yanli; Zhang, Wuchao; Chen, Peng; Wu, Honglong; Gong, Yanping; Ma, Zhenzi; Li, Yongjun; Yu, Jiaojiao; Qiao, Xiaodong; Li, Guoli; Zhao, Yan; Wang, Dexin; Ren, Haitao; Peng, Bin; Cui, Liying; Wang, Jiawei; Guan, Hongzhi

doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00855-y

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Therefore, SHV1 used to be named pseudorabies virus. However, the clinical features associated with variant SHV1 showed quiet differences from pseudorabies [1,2] . According to our summarization, the affected patients initially presented with in uenza-like symptoms such as fever, headache and drowsiness, then quickly developed seizures, disturbed consciousness, endophthalmitis and respiratory failure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Human Viral Encephalitis Associated With Suid Herpesvirus 1

Zhou

Nie

Wen

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) is a type of neurotropic virus able to infect various species. However, the clinical cases of human SHV1 encephalitis are still rarely reported, and the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of human SHV1 encephalitis are still unclear.Methods: In this study, we reported 2 cases of human encephalitis associate with SHV1 infection, and reviewed the other 18 cases from the literatures. A total of 20 cases with human SHV1 encephalitis were summarized and re-analyzed.Results: Nineteen of 20 patients had a history of swine-related occupational exposure before illness onset. All patients initially presented with influenza-like symptoms, and then quickly developed seizures, disturbed consciousness, and respiratory failure. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated aseptic or viral infection. MRI findings of SHV1 encephalitis were prone to distribute in temporal-frontal and insular cortex, which was similar to the pattern of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Some cases with disease progression and poor prognosis might expand to thalamus, basal ganglia and brain stem. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) revealed that all patients had unique SHV1 sequences with variable reads in the CSF.Conclusions: SHV1 is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause a new type of human viral encephalitis, characterized by acute, fulminating and catastrophic central nervous system infection. Currently, there are no available approved treatments for the encephalitis, but it is possible to diagnose encephalitis quickly by mNGS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1), also called pseudorabies virus (PRV), is a neurotropic virus that belongs to the alpha-herpesvirinae subfamily and genus varicellovirus in the family herpesviridae [1] . Swine is the primary natural host for SHV1 [2] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Viral Encephalitis Associated With Suid Herpesvirus 1

Zhou

Nie

Wen

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…PR is still endemic in the pig populations and poses a continuous threat to the pig industry of China. More importantly, PRV infections in humans have been reported occasionally in recent years (Ai et al, 2018;Fan et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020). Therefore, fully understanding the evolution and current status of PRVs in China is of great importance to both the pig industry and public health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This patient got endophthalmitis 3 days after her eyes were exposed directly to the sewage of the farm (Ai et al, 2018). Another case was reported in 2019, in which the patient suffered from encephalitis and PRV gene fragments were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor using next-generation sequencing (Wang et al, 2019), after which more cases of encephalitis resulting from PRV infection have been reported in China; most of the patients worked as farmers or veterinarians Yang X. et al, 2019;Fan et al, 2020;Li et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020;Ou et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020), suggesting that PRV infection in humans should not be neglected in the future (Wong et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Implication of the Identification of an Earlier Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Strain HLJ-2013 to the Evolution of Chinese PRVs

et al. 2020

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Pseudorabies viruses (PRVs) pose a great threat to the pig industry of many countries around the world. Human infections with PRV have also been reported occasionally in China. Therefore, understanding the epidemiology and evolution of PRVs is of great importance for disease control in the pig populations and humans as well. In this study, we isolated a PRV designated HLJ-2013 from PRV-positive samples that had been collected in Heilongjiang, China, in 2013. The full genome sequence of the virus was determined to be ∼143 kbp in length using high-throughput sequencing. The genomic sequence identities between this isolate and 21 other previous PRV isolates ranged from 92.4% (with Bartha) to 97.3% (with SC). Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length genome sequences revealed that PRV HLJ-2013 clustered together with all the Chinese strains in one group belonging to Genotype II, but this virus occurred phylogenetically earlier than all the other Chinese PRV strains. Phylogenetic trees based on both protein-coding genes and non-coding regions revealed that HLJ-2013 probably obtained its genome sequences from three origins: a yet unknown parent virus, the European viruses, and the same ancestor of all Chinese PRVs. Recombination analysis showed that HLJ-2013-like virus possibly donated the main framework of the genome of the Chinese PRVs. HLJ-2013 exhibited cytopathic and growth characteristics similar to that of the Chinese PRV strains SC and HeN1, but its pathogenicity in mice was higher than that of SC and lower than that of HeN1. The identification of HLJ-2013 takes us one step closer to understanding the origin of PRVs in China and provides new knowledge about the evolution of PRVs worldwide.

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“…However, the impact on PRV was unknown before this study. This is important to know because PRV causes enormous economic losses in agriculture with a few cases even in humans (Fan et al, 2020;Li et al, 2020a). PRV has a broad host range, and mice are a good model to study PRV including their immune response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eleutheroside-b and e in Acanthopanax Senticosus has Anti-PRV Activity via an Enhanced Body Immune Response in Vivo

Zhang

2020

Preprint

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BackgroundAcanthopanax senticosus extract (Eleutheroside-b and e, Acanthopanax senticosus extract, AS) is a multi-functional medicine involving in antiviral response in rodents and humans. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is essential pathogens especially in swine farms. However, little is known about the biological functions of AS in vivo during PRV infection. MethodsIn order to confirm function of AS during PRV infection in vivo. We investigated that AS treatment (2mg/g, 4mg/g and 6mg/g) mice for 5 days affecting the mouse survival time during PRV infection. Furthermore, we investigated that AS treatment (4mg/g) mice for 1 day, 3 days and 5 days, respectively, affected the mouse survival time during PRV infection. We then treated mice with AS (4 mg/g) for 5 days and then challenged with PRV. Three days after PRV infection, we harvested mouse-samples to analyze PRV copies, performed pathological and immunohistochemical assays and the expression of immune-genes.ResultsWe found that AS treatment decreased the PRV copies and degree of pathological damage in mice brains and lungs. The AS treatment also stimulated a high level of IFN-γ, IL-2, and CCL-5 in the rodent serum, but suppressed IL-10 expression, suggesting that AS enhances the immunity response. Conclusionswe showed that AS promoted the anti-PRV ability in vivo by activating the expression of immunity genes. In summary, these findings offer a novel understanding of the immunity response during PRV infection.

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Pseudorabies virus encephalitis in humans: a case series study

Cited by 40 publications

References 32 publications

Human Viral Encephalitis Associated With Suid Herpesvirus 1

Human Viral Encephalitis Associated With Suid Herpesvirus 1

Implication of the Identification of an Earlier Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Strain HLJ-2013 to the Evolution of Chinese PRVs

Eleutheroside-b and e in Acanthopanax Senticosus has Anti-PRV Activity via an Enhanced Body Immune Response in Vivo

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