Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains PAO1 and PA14: A genomic, phenotypic, and therapeutic review

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous, motile, gram-negative bacterium that has been recently identified as a multi-drug resistant pathogen in critical need of novel therapeutics. Of the approximately 5,000 strains, PAO1 and PA14 are common laboratory reference strains, modeling moderately and hyper-virulent phenotypes, respectively. PAO1 and PA14 have been instrumental in facilitating the discovery of novel drug targets, testing novel therapeutics, and supplying critical genomic information on the bacterium. While the two strains have contributed to a wide breadth of knowledge on the natural behaviors and therapeutic susceptibilities of P. aeruginosa, they have demonstrated significant deviations from observations in human infections. Many of these deviations are related to experimental inconsistencies in laboratory strain environment that complicate and, at times, terminate translation from laboratory results to clinical applications. This review aims to provide a comparative analysis of the two strains and potential methods to improve their clinical relevance.

Deriving Novel Quaternary Ammonium Compound Disinfectant Scaffolds from a Natural Product: Mechanistic Insights of the Quaternization of Ianthelliformisamine C

“…Its activity against P. aeruginosa was on par with the values reported in the original isolation report by Xu and coworkers [33] . The activity was 4‐fold worse against PA14 compared to PAO1, likely due to PA14 being hypervirulent, which can cause antibiotic resistance via upregulation of efflux pumps and biofilm formation [41,42] …”

“…[33] The activity was 4-fold worse against PA14 compared to PAO1, likely due to PA14 being hypervirulent, which can cause antibiotic resistance via upregulation of efflux pumps and biofilm formation. [41,42] Additionally, this work demonstrates the potency of this natural product against both community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aur-eus (MRSA), which has not been previously reported. Interestingly, the methylation of the free amines (7) drastically reduces the activity of the natural product against all bacteria tested.…”

Laser Desorption Rapid Evaporative Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (LD-REIMS) demonstrates a direct impact of hypochlorous acid stress on PQS-mediated quorum sensing inPseudomonas aeruginosa

“…The lab strain PA14 is a burn wound isolate that represents the most common clonal group worldwide and is more virulent than other commonly used strains PAO1 and PAK (Grace et al, 2022). It is now recognised that it is important not to rely on analysis of a limited number of laboratory reference strains but to extend the natural isolates, including clinical strains (Hefnawy et al, 2018).…”

Facile Production of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Factor LasB in Escherichia coli for Structure‐Based Drug Design

“…[3] Virulence factors can be divided into those altering the surface structures of the bacterial cell membrane, bacterial cell-cell interactions, and secreted factors. [4] The active secretion of specific factors contributes to host damage during infection. This includes the T3SS effector toxins, which are responsible for the destruction of the host actin skeleton and the zinc-dependent protease LasB, which is responsible for actively driving the infection process.…”

“…It also regulates biofilm formation, for which PA is particularly well known [3] . Virulence factors can be divided into those altering the surface structures of the bacterial cell membrane, bacterial cell–cell interactions, and secreted factors [4] . The active secretion of specific factors contributes to host damage during infection.…”