PROZA and CALIBRATION CURVES for Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis of Biological Samples

Tylko, Grzegorz; Banach, Zuzanna; Kilarski, Wincenty

doi:10.1007/s00604-003-0108-z

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, the analysis is limited by the fact that many constituents of particles (e.g., nitrogen, sulfur) also occur within the plant, and the source cannot be distinguished by EDX. Problems may also arise from the topography of rough surfaces and the mass and absorption effect, which lead to erroneous (increased and decreased) x-ray emissions of particles compared to flat standards (Roomans 1988, Goldstein et al 1992, Tylko et al 2004, Hunsche and Noga 2008.…”

Section: Particles On the Leaf Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Burkhardt

2010

Ecological Monographs

208

165

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Aerosols have always been part of the atmosphere, and plant surfaces are a major aerosol sink. Given the nutrient content of aerosols and the natural stability of aerosol concentrations over evolutionary time, plants may have developed adaptations to aerosol input. Although little is known about such adaptations, leaf surface micro‐roughness appears to play a key role. This review focuses on the deposition and fate of fine aerosols that are less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Most of these aerosols are hygroscopic, and they are often deliquescent (liquid) on transpiring leaves. Such concentrated solutions may be taken up by both the cuticle and stomata, contradicting previous concepts. The establishment of a continuous liquid water connection along stomatal walls affects individual stomata and is a new concept called “hydraulic activation of stomata” (HAS). HAS enables the efficient bidirectional transport of water and solutes between the leaf interior and leaf surface and makes stomatal transpiration partly independent of stomatal aperture. The response of plants to changes in humidity can be explained by the split transpiration in an HAS pore and its interaction with neighboring stomata, i.e., as an emergent property of a stomatal patch. Normally, HAS affects only a few stomata, but if too many are activated by excessive particle accumulation or additional surfactants, hygroscopic particles may work as “desiccants,” reducing the drought tolerance of plants. This is made use of when hygroscopic salts and acids are sprayed to kill potato vine, but may cause problems in foliar fertilization. Excessive particle accumulation may also be caused by air pollution. It is hypothesized that deliquescent hygroscopic particles, due to their amorphous appearance, may have been misinterpreted as “degraded waxes.” Degraded waxes have been highly correlated to leaf loss, decreased drought tolerance, and decreased frost tolerance of trees. No sound explanation for degraded waxes has been found, and they have been interpreted as symptoms of forest decline. Because hygroscopic particles may affect the drought tolerance of trees, they could be drivers of regional tree die‐off and especially affect those trees that have adapted to capture aerosols. Several research questions are identified.

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Section: Particles On the Leaf Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Burkhardt

2010

Ecological Monographs

208

165

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“…The number of counts per second stored by the detector was about 2,000. Quantitative analysis was performed on the basis of calibration curves prepared with 20% gelatin matrix and known element concentrations [22].…”

Section: X-ray Microanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Copper Supplementation on the Structure and Content of Elements in Kidneys of Mosaic Mutant Mice

Lenartowicz

Windak

Tylko

et al. 2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Menkes disease is an effect of ATP7A gene mutation in humans, coding the Cu-ATP-ase which is essential in intestinal copper absorption and its subsequent transfer to circulation. This mutation results in a deficiency of copper in all tissues except the epithelia of intestine and kidney tubules. Subcutaneous injection of copper ions is the main therapy for Menkes patients. Mosaic (Atp7a(mo-ms)) mice closely simulate the situation in Menkes disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in structure and element content in kidneys of mosaic mice after copper supplementation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to analyze tissue morphology and atomic absorption spectrometry to estimate Cu and Zn content. X-ray microanalysis was performed to measure Na, Mg, P, Cl, and K content in the cells of the proximal and distal tubules. Copper administration lengthened the lifespan of the mutants but led to its high accumulation and results in severe kidney damage. Karyomegalia, necrosis of tubular and Bowman's capsule epithelium, lesions, and atrophy of glomeruli were observed in the treated mutants. Copper treatment afterwards led to sclerosis of glomeruli and tubules enhanced proliferation of epithelial cells and formation of both polycystic and papillary carcinoma patterns in kidney. We suggest that copper excess may impair the activity of Na(+)/K(+) ATP-ase in renal tubules of ms/- males. The content of Mg, P, and Cl in kidneys in mutants was also changed after copper administration.

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“…This eliminated all measurements where any topography and/or mass effects could influence X-ray generation and emission. Element concentrations expressed as weight fraction were finally calculated on the basis of gelatin standards for the spores (Tylko et al, 2004), apatite, anhydrite, kaersutite, and obsidian (SPI 1 Supplies, West Chester, USA) for lime nodes, and external and internal sides of the peridium. Because of similarities of standards to investigated material, net intensities of characteristic X-rays were determined on the basis of top-hat filtering method (McCarthy, 1980), and compared directly to net intensities of elements from the standards.…”

Section: Electron Probe Microanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental composition of Physarum compressum Alb. et Schw. sporocarps and their structures cultivated on rabbit dung and agar substrates

Janik

Tylko

Ostachowicz

et al. 2010

Microscopy Res & Technique

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The elemental composition of spores, peridium walls, and lime nodes of Physarum compressum sporocarps, cultivated on rabbit dung as a natural growing environment for the slime mold and on artificial agar medium, was compared to evaluate differences that may be dependent on substrates. Whole fruiting bodies and samples of both experimental media were extracted with nitric acid or Parr digest bomb, respectively, and analyzed by means of total X-ray reflection fluorescence (TXRF). Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of spores, peridium walls, and lime nodes structure was carried out with the scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectrometer. Because of minute sizes and roughness of investigated structures, Monte Carlo simulations were utilized to establish analytical conditions of EPMA. Biological and geological standards were used in the quantification of element concentrations. According to TXRF, the fruiting bodies from agar medium revealed lower concentrations of K, Ca, Cr, Mn, and Fe in relation to fruiting bodies from the dung, reflecting elemental relationships in the experimental media. According to EPMA, the highest Ca concentration was found in the lime nodes followed by the peridium and the spores. Culturing of the slime molds on the rabbit dung indicated higher concentration of Ca in the lime nodes and peridium walls when compared with those obtained from the sporocarps grown on agar media. The opposite relation was found for the spores. The concentration of Na, Mg, P, S, and Cl was generally lower in all structures of the sporocarps harvested from the dung than from the agar medium. K was in higher concentration in analyzed structures from dung than from agar. Different element uptake (except for Ca and K) was revealed by the two methods: TXRF and EPMA.

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PROZA and CALIBRATION CURVES for Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis of Biological Samples

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Effects of Copper Supplementation on the Structure and Content of Elements in Kidneys of Mosaic Mutant Mice

Elemental composition of Physarum compressum Alb. et Schw. sporocarps and their structures cultivated on rabbit dung and agar substrates

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