Proxy Evidence for Easterly Winds in Glacial Lake Algonquin, from the Black River Delta in Northern Lower Michigan

Vader, Melissa J.; Zeman, Bailey K.; Schaetzl, Randall J.; Anderson, Kristina L.; Walquist, Ryan W.; Freiberger, Katharina M.; Emmendorfer, Jacob A.; Wang, Hong

doi:10.2747/0272-3646.33.3.252

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Large-scale, Late Pleistocene transport of loess on generally westerly winds, out of north-south flowing meltwater river valleys, has long been known for this region and is therefore not shown here. Compiled from Arbogast et al (2015Arbogast et al ( , 2017, Campbell et al (2011), Colgan et al (2017, Hanson et al (2015), Kilibarda and Blockland (2011), Krist and Schaetzl (2001), Loope et al (2004), Rawling et al (2008), Schaetzl et al (2014Schaetzl et al ( , 2016, Stanley andSchaetzl (2011), andVader et al (2012). Black arrows indicate data from dunes, gray arrows indicate data from loess, dashed arrows indicate data from spits or other features.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Eolian sand and loess deposits indicate west-northwest paleowinds during the Late Pleistocene in western Wisconsin, USA

et al. 2017

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Our study adds to the Quaternary history of eolian systems and deposits in western Wisconsin, USA, primarily within the lower Chippewa River valley. Thickness and textural patterns of loess deposits in the region indicate transport by west-northwesterly and westerly winds. Loess is thickest and coarsest on the southeastern flanks of large bedrock ridges and uplands, similar in some ways to shadow dunes. In many areas, sand was transported up and onto the western flanks of bedrock ridges as sand ramps, presumably as loess was deposited in their lee. Long, linear dunes, common on the sandy lowlands of the Chippewa valley, also trend to the east-southeast. Small depressional blowouts are widespread here as well and often lie immediately upwind of small parabolic dunes. Finally, in areas where sediment was being exposed by erosion along cutbanks of the Chippewa River, sand appears to have been transported up and onto the terrace treads, forming cliff-top dunes. Luminescence data indicate that this activity has continued throughout the latest Pleistocene and into the mid-Holocene. Together, these landforms and sediments paint a picture of a locally destabilized landscape with widespread eolian activity throughout much of the postglacial period.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Eolian sand and loess deposits indicate west-northwest paleowinds during the Late Pleistocene in western Wisconsin, USA

et al. 2017

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“…Unlike many deltas deposited at the margins of ice-marginal lakes during deglaciation of the Great Lakes region, which formed thick (>30 m), well-defined delta bodies (Vader et al 2012;Arbogast et al 2017;Connallon and Schaetzl 2017;Barnett and Karrow 2018), fluviodeltaic sediments exposed along the Nottawasaga River are comparatively thin and no distinct delta morphologies are identified. Large deltas were constructed into stable lake bodies that predate SU4 in the area (Glacial Lake Schomberg and equivalents; Chapman and Putnam 1984;Mulligan and Bajc 2012;.…”

Section: Paleoenvironmental Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…storm waves and a significant fetch. However, data from areas to the north and west, on the lower peninsula of Michigan, show strong evidence for contemporaneous easterly winds (Krist and Schaetzl 2001;Vader et al 2012;Schaetzl et al 2016). These differences likely reflect proximity to the retreating ice margin-easterly winds in northern Michigan were sustained by katabatic gradients near the ice sheet, whereas westerly winds dominated further south, where the influence of the ice was lessened (Schaetzl et al 2016;Arbogast et al 2017).…”

Section: Paleoenvironmental Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic analysis of Late Wisconsin and Holocene glaciolacustrine deposits exposed along the Nottawasaga River, southern Ontario, Canada

2018

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Analysis of 56 outcrop exposures in cut banks along the Nottawasaga River in southern Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada, has led to the identification of eight stratigraphic units (SU1–SU8) that represent a record of changing environmental conditions during deglaciation and exhibit strong controls on shallow groundwater flow in the region. The stratigraphic succession is floored by the Late Wisconsin Newmarket Till (SU1), which is locally overlain by ice-proximal debris flow deposits (SU2). These glacial sediments are overlain by glaciolacustrine silt rhythmites (SU3) that pass upwards into deltaic sand (SU4) and channelized fluviodeltaic sand and gravel (SU5). Lying above the fluvial deposits are widespread interbedded glaciolacustrine sands and silt (SU6), which coarsen up-section toward the ground surface. The succession is locally capped by fluviodeltaic (SU7) and younger fluvial (SU8) deposits. These SUs record sedimentary environments that existed during deglaciation of the region and provide insight into the evolution of glacial lakes Schomberg and Algonquin and the Nipissing phase of the upper Great Lakes. The environmental changes described from sediments along the Nottawasaga River provide insights into basin-scale events that occurred throughout the upper Great Lakes during deglaciation. Qualitative observations of groundwater discharge from sediments at outcrop faces are used to characterize the hydraulic function of the stratigraphic units as well as possible preferential groundwater flow pathways in the shallow subsurface.

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“…However, most of the paleovegetation record here, dates to the earliest Holocene. The climate at this time differed from modern -the Laurentide Ice Sheet to the north altered the atmospheric circulation (Krist and Schaetzl 2001;Vader et al 2012), prevailing insolation caused greater seasonal extremes, and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere were somewhat lower (Ruddiman 2007).…”

Section: Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction For the Tower Site: Pollenmentioning

confidence: 97%

Paleobotanical and environmental implications of a buried forest bed in northern Lower Michigan, USA

2013

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Sediments and stratigraphy at the Tower Buried Forest site provide a glimpse into the immediate post-glacial environment of northern Lower Michigan, USA. At this site, sandy glacial outwash is overlain by (1) ≈37 cm of peat associated with a wetland, above which are (2) flat-lying spruce and larch logs and branches that date between ≈10 910 and 10 340 cal years BP. Above the woody materials are ≈55-75 cm of sand, interbedded with organic muck laminae, which we interpret as local alluvium. This stratigraphic sequence is overlain by muck soil materials associated with the modern wetland. Pollen and plant macrofossil analysis of the lower peat indicate that a tundra-boreal parkland had been established here, shortly after final deglaciation. Later, Picea glauca (white spruce), Picea mariana (black spruce), Larix laricina (larch), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir) became abundant in an open boreal forest-Spaghnum peatland. Subsequent increases in Pinus (pine) and Typha (cattail) indicate drying and possibly warming conditions. At ca. 10 340 cal years BP (or a few centuries prior), nearly two millennia after final deglaciation, water flowed across the site, possibly knocking over the trees.. Interbedded sand and muck deposits above the flat-lying logs are interpreted as alluvial deposits from this event, after which the wetland became quiescent again. Résumé : Les sédiments et la stratigraphie dans la localité de la forêt ensevelie de Tower ouvrent une fenêtre sur un milieu établi immédiatement après le retrait des glaciers, dans la partie nord du Bas-Michigan (États-Unis). À cet endroit, des dépôts d'épandage fluvioglaciaire sableux sont recouverts de (1) ≈ 37 cm de tourbe associée à un milieu humide, au-dessus de laquelle se trouvent (2) des troncs et branches d'épinettes et de mélèzes reposant à l'horizontale, dont les âges se situent entre ≈10 910 années étalonnées avant aujourd'hui (ans AA) et 10 340 ans AA. Au-dessus du matériel ligneux reposent ≈55-75 cm de sable avec de minces interlits de terre tourbeuse organique que nous interprétons comme représentant des alluvions de source locale. Cette séquence stratigraphique est recouverte de terre tourbeuse associée au milieu humide moderne. L'analyse de pollens et de macrofossiles de végétaux de la tourbe inférieure indique qu'une forêt-parc boréale et de toundra s'est établie à cet endroit peu après la déglaciation finale. Picea glauca (l'épinette blanche), Picea mariana (l'épinette noire), Larix laricina (le mélèze laricin) et Abies balsamea (le sapin baumier) sont par la suite devenus abondants dans un paysage ouvert de forêt boréale et de tourbière de sphaigne. L'augmentation subséquente de l'abondance des Pinus (pins) et des Typha (quenouilles) indique une tendance vers des conditions plus sèches et possiblement plus chaudes. Vers 10 340 ans AA (ou quelques siècles plus tôt), près de deux millénaires après la déglaciation finale, de l'eau a déferlé sur le site, abattant possiblement les arbres. Les dépôts de sable et de terre tourbeuse interlités recouvrant les t...

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Proxy Evidence for Easterly Winds in Glacial Lake Algonquin, from the Black River Delta in Northern Lower Michigan

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Eolian sand and loess deposits indicate west-northwest paleowinds during the Late Pleistocene in western Wisconsin, USA

Eolian sand and loess deposits indicate west-northwest paleowinds during the Late Pleistocene in western Wisconsin, USA

Stratigraphic analysis of Late Wisconsin and Holocene glaciolacustrine deposits exposed along the Nottawasaga River, southern Ontario, Canada

Paleobotanical and environmental implications of a buried forest bed in northern Lower Michigan, USA

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