Proximate composition determination in goat cheese whey by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Abstract

Background In Brazil, over the last few years there has been an increase in the production and consumption of goat cheeses. In addition, there was also a demand to create options to use the whey extracted during the production of cheeses. Whey can be used as an ingredient in the development of many products. Therefore, knowing its composition is a matter of utmost importance, considering that the reference methods of food analysis require time, trained labor and expensive reagents for its execution. Methods Goat whey samples produced in winter and summer were submitted to proximate composition analysis (moisture, total solids, ashes, proteins, fat and carbohydrates by difference) using reference methods and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The spectral data was preprocessed by baseline correction and the Savitzky–Golay derivative. The models were built using Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) with raw and preprocessed data for each dependent variable (proximate composition parameter). Results The average whey composition values obtained using the referenced methods were in accordance with the consulted literature. The composition did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between the summer and winter whey samples. The PLSR models were made available using the following figures of merit: coefficients of determination of the calibration and prediction models (R2cal and R2pred, respectively) and the Root Mean Squared Error Calibration and Prediction (RMSEC and RMSEP, respectively). The best models used raw data for fat and protein determinations and the values obtained by NIRS for both parameters were consistent with their referenced methods. Consequently, NIRS can be used to determine fat and protein in goat whey.

Breastfeeding Situation in Saudi Arabia and Recent Approaches in The Development of Follow-on Formula for Facing Breastfeeding Difficulties

“…It has a lower level of αs1-casein and its fat has higher levels of medium chain fatty acids and smaller fat globules than cow milk (Ye et al, 2019). Whey from goat milk contains approximately 55% of milk nutrients: soluble proteins, lactose, vitamins, minerals and a minimum amount of fat (Galdino et al, 2020). Previously, Zhou et al (2014) reported that consumer demand for goat milk infant formulae is increasing.…”

“…Camel and goat milk is more similar to human milk in composition than cow milk, thus infant formulas that use these protein sources are healthier and more digestible for infants as they provide a suitable source of protein. (Biadała et al, 2020;Galdino et al, 2020;Jrad et al, 2020;.…”

“…Recently, cheese whey has attracted consumers as well as nutritionists because of its health benefits. Thus, the value of this highly nutritious and immune-boosting byproduct was realized by using it as a base for infant feeding, helping to solve problems associated with the use of cow milk-based formulas (Galdino et al, 2020 andOsman et al, 2015).…”