Provitamins and vitamins D2 and D3 in Cladina spp. over a latitudinal gradient: possible correlation with UV levels

Wang, Ting; Bengtsson, Göran; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Björn, Lars Olof

doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00160-9

Cited by 47 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Interestingly, Wang et al [28] reported variability in the vitamin D level in lichens ( Cladina spp.) as related to UV exposure at different latitudes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D4 in Mushrooms

Phillips

Horst²,

Koszewski

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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An unknown vitamin D compound was observed in the HPLC-UV chromatogram of edible mushrooms in the course of analyzing vitamin D2 as part of a food composition study and confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to be vitamin D4 (22-dihydroergocalciferol). Vitamin D4 was quantified by HPLC with UV detection, with vitamin [3H] itamin D3 as an internal standard. White button, crimini, portabella, enoki, shiitake, maitake, oyster, morel, chanterelle, and UV-treated portabella mushrooms were analyzed, as four composites each of a total of 71 samples from U.S. retail suppliers and producers. Vitamin D4 was present (>0.1 µg/100 g) in a total of 18 composites and in at least one composite of each mushroom type except white button. The level was highest in samples with known UV exposure: vitamin D enhanced portabella, and maitake mushrooms from one supplier (0.2–7.0 and 22.5–35.4 µg/100 g, respectively). Other mushrooms had detectable vitamin D4 in some but not all samples. In one composite of oyster mushrooms the vitamin D4 content was more than twice that of D2 (6.29 vs. 2.59 µg/100 g). Vitamin D4 exceeded 2 µg/100 g in the morel and chanterelle mushroom samples that contained D4, but was undetectable in two morel samples. The vitamin D4 precursor 22,23-dihydroergosterol was found in all composites (4.49–16.5 mg/100 g). Vitamin D4 should be expected to occur in mushrooms exposed to UV light, such as commercially produced vitamin D enhanced products, wild grown mushrooms or other mushrooms receiving incidental exposure. Because vitamin D4 coeluted with D3 in the routine HPLC analysis of vitamin D2 and an alternate mobile phase was necessary for resolution, researchers analyzing vitamin D2 in mushrooms and using D3 as an internal standard should verify that the system will resolve vitamins D3 and D4.

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“…Interestingly, Wang et al [28] reported variability in the vitamin D level in lichens ( Cladina spp.) as related to UV exposure at different latitudes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D4 in Mushrooms

Phillips

Horst²,

Koszewski

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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“…The higher shell weights recorded in both organic groups could have been due to the ingestion of tiny stones from the ground and to a higher synthesis of vitamin D 3 (Bar et al, 1999) as a result of a greater exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D is formed in the skin of animals through the following processes: provitamin D, previtamin D, Vitamin D; the conversion of provitamin D to previtamin D is a photochemical reaction requiring ultraviolet B photons (Wang et al, 2001). Analysing results as percentages (yolk, albumen and shell) differences lowered.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of rearing system and season on the performance and egg characteristics of Ancona laying hens

Mugnai

Bosco

Castellini

2009

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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Productive performance and egg characteristics of Ancona laying hens reared under three different rearing systems (conventional, organic and organic-plus) were compared during an experimental period of one year. Three-hundred-sixty Ancona female chicks at 28 days of age were divided in three groups and assigned to different rearing systems. The organic group had 4m 2 pasture/hen according to the requirements imposed by the EC Regulation 1804/99, whereas the organic-plus group had a larger grass paddock (10m 2 /hen). The Control group was reared in cages under standard housing conditions. The following egg characteristics were recorded and analysed during the year-long cycle: egg weight and egg mass laid/d, weight of egg components, shell thickness, Haugh index and yolk colour. Egg quality was affected by the pasture available. The hens that ingested grass (organic-plus), produced eggs with higher shell weight and percentage, darker yolk colour and higher α-tocopherol, carotenoid and polyphenol contents. The other egg traits were not affected by rearing system.

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“…Many of these northerners, even when residing near the sea, preferred land-based sources of protein, rather than seafood (Gillie 2012; McPhee 1992), and even today the diets of most Scandinavians is not centered on seafood (Halldorsson et al 2007). Although VD3 is found in the lichen species, C. arbuscula and C. rangiferina , which represent important winter feeds for reindeer and caribou, whether this dietary source altered VD3 status in humans is unclear (Snellman et al 2009; Wang et al 2001). Alternatively, we hypothesize that evolutionary differences in cutaneous structure and function are more likely to provide an explanation for the observed increase in circulating 25-(OH)D3 levels in northern Europeans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence That Loss-of-Function Filaggrin Gene Mutations Evolved in Northern Europeans to Favor Intracutaneous Vitamin D3 Production

2014

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Skin pigmentation lightened progressively to a variable extent, as modern humans emigrated out of Africa, but extreme lightening occurred only in northern Europeans. Yet, loss of pigmentation alone cannot suffice to sustain cutaneous vitamin D3 (VD3) formation at the high latitudes of northern Europe. We hypothesized that loss-of-function mutations in the epidermal structural protein, filaggrin (FLG), could have evolved to sustain adequate VD3 status. Loss of FLG results in reduced generation of trans-urocanic acid, the principal endogenous ultraviolet-B (UV-B) filter in lightly-pigmented individuals. Accordingly, we identified a higher prevalence of FLG mutations in northern European populations when compared to more southern European, Asian and African populations that correlates significantly with differences in circulating 25-OH-VD3 levels in these same populations. By allowing additional UV-B penetration and intracutaneous VD3 formation, the latitude-dependent gradient in FLG mutations, likely together with other concurrent mutations in VD3 metabolic pathways, provide a non-pigment-based mechanism that sustains higher levels of circulating VD3 in northern Europeans. At the time that FLG mutations evolved, xerosis due to FLG deficiency was a lesser price to pay for enhanced VD3 production. Yet, the increase in FLG mutations has inadvertently contributed to an epidemic of atopic diseases that has emerged in recent decades.

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Provitamins and vitamins D2 and D3 in Cladina spp. over a latitudinal gradient: possible correlation with UV levels

Cited by 47 publications

References 17 publications

Vitamin D4 in Mushrooms

Vitamin D4 in Mushrooms

Effect of rearing system and season on the performance and egg characteristics of Ancona laying hens

Evidence That Loss-of-Function Filaggrin Gene Mutations Evolved in Northern Europeans to Favor Intracutaneous Vitamin D3 Production

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