Provision of Load Frequency Control by PHEVs, Controllable Loads, and a Cogeneration Unit

Abstract

This paper presents a method for tracking a secondary frequency control (Load Frequency Control) signal by groups of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), controllable thermal household appliances under a duty-cycle coordination scheme, and a decentralized combined-heat-and-power generation unit. The distribution of the control action on the participating units is performed by an aggregator utilizing a Model Predictive Control strategy which allows the inclusion of unit and grid constraints. In addition to the individual dynamic behavior, the varying availability of the units during the day is taken into account. The proposed methodology, easily extendable to larger networks, is evaluated on a four-bus system corresponding to a medium-voltage distribution grid and illustrates a possible operation mode of an aggregator in the power system.Index Terms-Aggregators, cogeneration, electric appliances, Load Frequency Control (LFC), load management, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), smart grids, vehicle to grid (V2G), virtual power plants.

Demand profile study of battery electric vehicle under different charging options

“…It is aimed to aggregate and coordinate EV, so they can participate in intelligent charging schemes, e.g. ancillary services [18]. An EV coordinator is able to coordinate EV charging provided that the battery is in the linear SOC region.…”

Exploitation of Battery Energy Storage in Load Frequency Control -A Literature Survey

“…Currently, the solely used and widely discussed appliance for this application is electric vehicles (EVs). Different types of electric vehicles (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and "All-Electric" vehicles as classified by the U.S. DoE ("Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles" 2015)) can be applied for LFC as mobile BES units (Shimizu et al 2010;Galus, Koch, and Anderson 2011). According to the way of cooperation between controlled loads and power system operators, the strategy of loadscale systems can be classified into two groups: Coordinated Aggregate Systems and Non-Coordinated Individual Systems.…”

“…Results showed that the frequency response is better without taking into account user convenience than when considering user convenience because, in the later case, the output of EVs is restricted by SOC limits. Provision of LFC utilizing the BESS of distributed Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) along with thermostatically controlled loads has been proposed in (Galus, Koch, and Anderson 2011). Authors developed an aggregation method implemented through a management system defined as the aggregator based on model predictive control method.…”

“…Generally, "balancing authorities", as they are defined by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), maintain generation-demand balance to regulate the frequency by applying three control schemes that are the primary, secondary and tertiary control and each scheme reacts within a specified period of time. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the time windows of each control scheme ("Balancing and Frequency Control" 2011;Galus, Koch, and Anderson 2011). The secondary control or Load Frequency Control (LFC) is an essential control strategy and its major purpose is to adjust the power generation of a certain control area to maintain the system frequency and tie-line power interchange at predefined values during steady-state operation (Bakken and Grande 1998;Kundur 1993).…”

Electric Vehicle Charging Load Model Based on Diffusion Theory

“…When the private vehicles stop at the unit's parking lot and residential parking lot, they will be charged for a long period, so electric vehicles can be charged fully and this case is the type 1 charging behavior. The supermarket parking lot is restricted by the charging duration and this case is the type 2 charging behavior [9,10]. The charging sites and charging type of electric private vehicles is shown as the Fig.…”