Provenance of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks from the Sulaiman fold and thrust belt, Pakistan: implications for the palaeogeography of the Indus drainage system

Roddaz, Martín; Said, Aymen; Guillot, Stéphane; Antoine, Pierre‐Olivier; Montel, Jean-Marc; Martin, F.; Darrozes, José

doi:10.1144/0016-76492010-100

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…Tributaries draining the West Pakistan ranges could also provide additional sedimentary input to the Indus Fan during the Miocene. A good approximation of the geochemical characteristics of this source is provided by 115 Ma sedimentary rocks from the Sulaiman fold-and-thrust belt that have e Nd values between 28.5 and 213.2 (Roddaz et al 2011). Using these source-area compositions and e Nd values for the Miocene Indus Fan of 210.1 5 0.7, we can use a simple mixing calculation (app.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Drainage Pattern and Variable Exhumation in the Western Himalaya since the Middle Miocene

Chirouze

Huyghe

Chauvel

et al. 2015

The Journal of Geology

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Geology. A B S T R A C TSedimentary records in peripheral basins of mountain belts record changes in erosion dynamics and drainage-network reorganization, but it is often difficult to discriminate between these different controls. Geochemical provenance data on paleo-Indus deposits from the western Himalayan foreland provide constraints on the possible variation of the position of the drainage divide between the Indus and Ganges river systems. Here we present geochemical (trace element and Hf-Nd isotopic) and thermochronological (detrital zircon fission-track [DZFT]) analyses of modern Indus and Miocene Siwalik sediments from northern Pakistan and compare these with published data on the Indus Fan. Available bedrock isotopic data are used to define three end-member sediment sources (Himalaya, Karakorum, and the Kohistan-Ladakh arc) and to calculate the contribution of each of these sources to the foreland basin and Indus Fan. Our results indicate that since the Miocene the contribution of the Himalayan rivers reaching the Indus in the foreland remained constant, whereas the contributions of sediment sources of the upper Indus catchment changed: those of the Kohistan-Ladakh arc diminished strongly in favor of Karakorum and Himalayan sources. Analysis of the DZFT data from the Miocene foreland basin and sediments of the modern upper Indus reach suggests that the exhumation pattern changed due to an increase in exhumation rate of the Karakorum and Himalayan units of the syntaxis since Miocene times, whereas that in the Kohistan-Ladakh arc remained relatively stable. These results imply that the Indus sediments record changing relative erosion rates in the different source regions rather than widespread drainage rearrangement, as suggested previously.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Drainage Pattern and Variable Exhumation in the Western Himalaya since the Middle Miocene

Chirouze

Huyghe

Chauvel

et al. 2015

The Journal of Geology

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“…The paucity of sediment from Tibet in the proto‐Bengal Bay before the Miocene epoch is noteworthy (Najman et al ., ), but does not require the absence of Tibetan‐sourced drainage exiting in the Bengal Bay, because sediment from Tibet may have exited into an independent delta fan located north of the modern Bengal fan (as seen in the western Himalayan syntaxis; e.g. Roddaz et al ., ), and later subducted below the Indo‐Burman Ranges (Fig. b; Uddin & Lundberg, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sediment provenance studies provide a tool for unravelling the respective impacts of capture, deformation and exhumation on river geometry and sourcing (Hallet & Molnar, 2001;Clark et al, 2004); they thus help to explore topographic evolution and related denudation in response to uplift (Najman, 2006;Clift et al, 2008). In South and East Asia, provenance studies have mostly focused on the history of the Red River drainage system as inferred from sediment in the Hanoi Basin (Clift et al, 2006(Clift et al, , 2008Hoang et al, 2009), on the Ganges River drainage in the Indian Foreland Basin (De Celles et al, 1998), on the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system in the Bengal Basin (Uddin & Lundberg, 1998;Galy et al, 2010;Bracciali et al, 2013;Chirouze et al, 2013), or on the Indus River in the Indus fan delta (Clift et al, 2001;Roddaz et al, Correspondence: Alexis Licht, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. E-mail: alicht @email.arizona.edu 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cenozoic evolution of the central Myanmar drainage system: insights from sediment provenance in the Minbu Sub‐Basin

et al. 2015

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Located at the southern edge of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the Central Myanmar Basin (CMB) is divided into several Tertiary sub‐basins that have been almost continuously filled since the Indo‐Asia collision. They are currently drained by the Irrawaddy River, which flows down the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Sino‐Burman Ranges. Tracing sediment provenance from the CMB is thus critical for reconstructing the past denudation of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen; it is especially relevant since a popular drainage scenario involves the capture of the Tsangpo drainage system in Tibet by a precursor to the Irrawaddy River. Here, we document the provenance of sediment samples from the Minbu Sub‐Basin at the southern edge of the CMB, which is traversed by the modern stream of the Irrawaddy River. Samples ranging in age from middle Eocene to Pleistocene were investigated using Nd isotopes, trace element geochemistry and sandstone modal compositions. Our data provide no evidence of a dramatic provenance shift; however, sandstone petrography, trace element ratios and isotopic values display long‐term trends indicating a gradual decrease of the volcanic input and its replacement by a dominant supply from the Burmese basement. These trends are interpreted to reflect the progressive denudation of the Andean‐type volcanic arc that extended onto the Burmese margin, along the flank of the modern Sino‐Burman Ranges, where most of the post‐collisional deformation of central Myanmar is located. Though our results do not exclude an ephemeral or diluted contribution from a past Tsangpo‐Irrawaddy connection, sedimentation rates suggest that this hypothesis is unlikely before the development of a stable Tsangpo‐Brahmaputra River in the Miocene. These results thus suggest that the central Myanmar drainage basin has remained restricted to the Sino‐Burman Ranges since the beginning of the India‐Asia collision.

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“…A smaller set of flexural basins borders the Indus River to the west where the oblique collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasia, represented by the Chaman Fault, has generated SE-propagating thrust belts in the Kirthar and Sulaiman Ranges (Fig. 1) (Roddaz et al 2011). There is little sediment supplied from the west into the Indus River because of the generally arid conditions.…”

Section: The Indus River Basinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cenozoic sedimentary records of climate-tectonic coupling in the Western Himalaya

Clift

2017

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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Sedimentary archives in the Himalayan foreland basin and Indus submarine fan provide the most detailed records of how changing monsoon strength may have affected erosion and the development of tectonic structures in the western Himalaya during the Neogene. Muscovite Ar-Ar ages show that fast exhumation of the Greater Himalaya was earlier in the west (20-35 Ma) than in the central Himalaya (10-25 Ma), probably driven by progressive lithospheric slab tearing that caused both rock uplift and an intensified summer monsoon to start earlier in the western Himalaya. Rates of exhumation reduced after~17 Ma as uplift also slowed, apparently unrelated to climate change. However, further reduction at 6-8 Ma coincided with a time of weakening summer rains, as shown by carbon isotope data from the foreland and hematite-goethite records from ODP Site 730 on the Oman margin. Coming at a time of stronger winds, this drying was linked to global climatic cooling. Weakening of Late Miocene monsoon rains coincided with a southward migration of the ITCZ and faster erosion of the Lesser rather than Greater Himalaya. Unroofing of the Inner Lesser Himalaya, starting after 9 Ma, followed as a consequence of duplex formation enabled by focused erosion, although widespread exposure of that range was delayed until after 6 Ma. Inner Lesser Himalayan exposure, combined with unroofing of the Nanga Parbat Massif, caused a decrease in average ε Nd values of Indus River sediment after 5 Ma, rather than large-scale drainage capture.

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Provenance of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks from the Sulaiman fold and thrust belt, Pakistan: implications for the palaeogeography of the Indus drainage system

Cited by 39 publications

References 85 publications

Stable Drainage Pattern and Variable Exhumation in the Western Himalaya since the Middle Miocene

Stable Drainage Pattern and Variable Exhumation in the Western Himalaya since the Middle Miocene

Cenozoic evolution of the central Myanmar drainage system: insights from sediment provenance in the Minbu Sub‐Basin

Cenozoic sedimentary records of climate-tectonic coupling in the Western Himalaya

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