Provenance changes and movement on the Alpine Fault indicated by heavy minerals from Cretaceous-Cenozoic sediments in south Westland

Smale, David

doi:10.1080/03036758.1991.10431403

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The provenance results of samples TF1 and TF2 are consistent with the conclusion of Smale (1991) and indicate that most of the floating ice, which was providing debris for the Teer Formation, originated in the upper Pyke valley, on the flanks of Gorge Plateau, and possibly also the lower Pyke valley. The anomalous results of TF3 may result from transport by ice that floated down the coast.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

“…Exposures of the underlying Tititira Formation at altitudes of c. 110 m in the south branch of Teer Creek suggest that the basal contact of Halfway Formation also has a westerly component of dip. Smale (1991) noted that heavy minerals from Halfway Formation are distinct from those of the underlying Tititira Formation and overlying moraines. He suggested that the large proportion of hornblende in the Halfway Formation samples indicates a Fiordland provenance.…”

Section: Exposures Ene Of Cascade Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent work has shown that the unit is more extensive than originally thought, and crops out in well-exposed cliff sections on the northeast side of Cascade Point. Smale (1991) and Sutherland (1994) analysed heavy mineral suites and clast petrology, respectively, and concluded a Fiordland provenance for the Halfway Formation. Although Halfway Formation comprises the only known Pliocene sediments exposed onshore in South Westland, it is similar to rocks encountered in Waiho-1 and Harihari-1 boreholes (Nathan et al 1986) and may be similar to Pliocene sediments on the continental shelf farther north.…”

Section: Cenozoic Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Published work in the Cascade valley has been carried out by Turner (1930), Wellman & Willett (1942), Mutch & McKellar(1964), Nathan (1978), Smale (1991), Sutherland (1994), and Sutherland (1995). This paper represents a synthesis of observations made by the authors between 1977 and 1994.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pliocene‐Quaternary sedimentation and Alpine Fault related tectonics in the lower Cascade valley, South Westland, New Zealand

Sutherland

Nathan

Turnbull

et al. 1995

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Study of Pliocene and Quaternary sediments west of the Alpine Fault in the Cascade valley, South Westland, New Zealand, has allowed determination of Alpine Fault displacement rate and coastal uplift rate over the last 3.5 m.y. Exposures of the Pliocene Halfway Formation (latest Opoitian-Waipipian) are composed of marine sand and conglomerate deposited in c. 200-1000 m water depth. Beds are gently dipping and weakly deformed, with the direction of principal shortening oriented at a high angle to the Alpine Fault and plunging gently northwest (c. 107340°). Fiordland-derived clasts indicate a minimum of 95-100 km of lateral offset on the Alpine Fault since deposition of Halfway Formation. Paleogeographic evidence suggests that first-order features of the drainage were similar in Pliocene time to those of the present day.Quaternary moraines and fluvioglacial sediments are subdivided on the basis of composition and morphology into five groups: Cl (oldest) to C5 (youngest). The Cl deposits have a provenance consistent with a glacier flowing from the Pyke valley. The C2 and C3 deposits are c. 95% ultramafic and 5% Haast Schist derived, whereas the C4 and C5 deposits are c. 75% ultramafic and 25% Haast Schist Teer Formation (new) is composed of shallow-marine fossiliferous glacial silts, which lie unconformably above Halfway Formation and beneath C3 and C4 moraines. Clast compositions indicate that source regions to the east of the Alpine Fault were in the vicinity of the Pyke valley and that Teer Formation may be a fiord correlative of the C1 morainic deposits. Based on an offset of c. 18-32 km and an Alpine Fault displacement rate of 27 ± 6 mm/yr, an age for the Teer Formation and C1 deposits of 0.9 ± 0.4 Ma is interpolated. Uplift rate estimates based on Halfway and Teer Formation coastal outcrops are in the range 0.1-0.5 mm/yr.

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supporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Exposures Ene Of Cascade Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cenozoic Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pliocene‐Quaternary sedimentation and Alpine Fault related tectonics in the lower Cascade valley, South Westland, New Zealand

Sutherland

Nathan

Turnbull

et al. 1995

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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“…In addition to recognition of islands as geographic units, a classification was adopted to address intraarchipelago variation in biogeographic processes and land snail assemblages. Bioregions ( Figure 2) were defined in ArcGIS v8.2 geographic information systems (GIS) software as the spatial intersections of digital representations of geological attributesespecially terranes (Adams, 1979;Stevens, 1980;Korsch and Wellman, 1988;Cooper, 1989;Kear, 1993;Mortimer et al, 1999;Sutherland, 1999;King, 2000;Pickard et al, 2000), displacement along the Alpine Fault (Wellman, 1985;Korsch and Wellman, 1988;Smale, 1991;Sutherland, 1999), uplift rates (Wellman, 1979), and Pleistocene to Recent alluvial deposition (Korsch and Wellman, 1988). Regional disturbance histories such as Pliocene to Recent volcanism (Froggatt and Lowe, 1990), Oligocene and Pliocene marine transgressions (Suggate et al, 1978;Cooper and Milner, 1993;Lewis et al, 1994;Cooper and Cooper, 1995;King, 1998), and late Pliocene to Pleistocene glaciation (McGlone, 1985(McGlone, , 1997McGlone et al, 1993) and the associated changes in degree of geographic isolation with variations of the coastline on the continental shelf also serve to differentiate bioregions.…”

Section: Study Area and Intra-archipelago Biogeographic Provincesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The character of the New Zealand land snail fauna and communities: some evolutionary and ecological perspectives

Barker¹

2005

Rec West Aust Mus Sup

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-Alan Solem highlighted the high alpha diversity of land snails that occur in forests of mid-western North Island New Zealand, This paper examines patterns of diversity in land snails across the entire New Zealand archipelago, with a review of the biogeography and composition of taxon groups and with analyses of faunal composition and ecological diversity at national, island and bioregion scales based primarily on collation of museum records, Community composition and structure are also analysed using two extensive series of plot-based assessments, The fauna is primarily Gondwanan in origin, with apparently little influence from establishment of new taxa by chance dispersal since the late Paleocene. It has undergone extensive in situ cladogenesis and speciation that, combined with island biogeographic processes of dispersal and extinction, have resulted in marked intraarchipelago differences in the character of regional species pools. Species richness of communities (0 74 for 400 m 2 plots) was shown to vary substantially within and between bioregions, in part related to patterns of niche availability driven by temporal and spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions and floristic diverSity, It is concluded that in general the New Zealand land snail communities are not in a state of equilibrium, and that the highly dynamic nature of the environment prevents this, Only where regional conditions have favoured persistence of a diversity of forest habitat over several million years is high mean species richness evident at the plot scale, The New Zealand fauna exhibits a strong predominance of minute species with low shell height:diameter ratios. The essentially unimodal dispersion in the shell morphospace contrasts markedly with the bimodal pattern exhibited in many other faunas, If shell shapes define the repertoire of available niches then there is something different about New Zealand in respect to the niches occupied by land snails. However, the shell morphology in the New Zealand representatives of snail families conforms rather closely to that expected within the respective families worldwide, suggesting the morphospace pattern seen in the New Zealand fauna is largely a product of phylogenetic constraint, and has little to do with ecology. The high levels of cladogenesis evident in the New Zealand fauna suggest innovations in ecological niches that are not evident in examination of the shell height:diameter morphospace,

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Chapter 22 Sediment Trails in Tectonically Active Islands: Heavy Minerals in Use in New Zealand

Smale

2007

Developments in Sedimentology

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Provenance changes and movement on the Alpine Fault indicated by heavy minerals from Cretaceous-Cenozoic sediments in south Westland

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Pliocene‐Quaternary sedimentation and Alpine Fault related tectonics in the lower Cascade valley, South Westland, New Zealand

Pliocene‐Quaternary sedimentation and Alpine Fault related tectonics in the lower Cascade valley, South Westland, New Zealand

The character of the New Zealand land snail fauna and communities: some evolutionary and ecological perspectives

Chapter 22 Sediment Trails in Tectonically Active Islands: Heavy Minerals in Use in New Zealand

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