Protozoa in river water: sources, occurrence, and treatment

States, Stanley; Stadterman, K. L.; Ammon, Louis; Vogel, Paul; Baldizar, Julie; Wright, David Ellis; Conley, Louis; Sýkora, Ján

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1997.tb08290.x

Cited by 53 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Only moderate correlations between parasites and other parameters, such as fecal microorganisms, especially C. perfringens (1,6,9,27,28), turbidity (1, 9), or rainfall and runoff, which increased the concentrations of several feces-borne microorganisms (1,9,20), have been reported. Many studies did not detect any statistically significant correlations between parasites and other microbial, chemical, and hydrological parameters (4,16,29,31). No significant correlation was found between Cryptosporidium oocyst concentrations and rainfall or river flow at 10 sites in the United Kingdom (3).…”

Section: Vol 68 2002mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff

Kistemann

Claßen

Koch

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

363

248

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hygienic and microbiological examinations of watercourses are usually not carried out during heavy rainfall and runoff events. After rainfall or snowmelt, there are often massive increases in turbidity in flooding creeks in mountain ranges, which are frequently interpreted as an indication of microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to quantify the microbial loads of watercourses during such runoff events and to compare these loads with loads occurring during regular conditions. In a 14-month monitoring period we investigated the microbial loads of three tributaries of different drinking water reservoirs. A total of 99 water samples were taken under different runoff conditions and analyzed to determine physical, chemical, bacterial, and parasitic parameters. Thirty-two water samples were considered event samples during nine measuring series. The criteria for events, based on duration and intensity of precipitation, water depth gauge measurements, and dynamics, had been fixed before the investigation for each creek individually. Of the physical and chemical parameters examined, only the turbidity, pH, and nitrate values differed clearly from the values obtained for regular samples. Most of the bacteriological parameters investigated (colony, Escherichia coli, coliform, fecal streptococcal, and Clostridium perfringens counts) increased considerably during extreme runoff events. If relevant sources of parasitic contamination occurred in catchment areas, the concentrations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium rose significantly during events. The results show that substantial shares of the total microbial loads in watercourses and in drinking water reservoirs result from rainfall and extreme runoff events. Consequently, regular samples are considered inadequate for representing the microbial contamination of watercourse systems. The procedures for raw water surveillance in the context of multiple-barrier protection and risk assessment ought to include sampling during extreme runoff situations.In some regions of Germany surface reservoirs are the main source of drinking water. In the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, 60% of the drinking water production in 1999 was based on surface water resources (2). Surface water bodies are presumed to be more vulnerable to fecal contamination than groundwater reservoirs due to the absence of natural soil protection and filtration and the possibly short distances between the occurrence of contamination and water extraction. It is argued that especially in the case of heavy rainfall the microbial loads of running waters may suddenly increase substantially and reach reservoir bodies very quickly (18,19). For this reason monitoring microbiological raw water quality is an essential component of the protection strategy in catchment areas of surface drinking water reservoirs (8). In Germany, catchment areas of surface water supplies are usually protected by buffer zones, and the intensity of protection increases with proximity to the water body. Protection of entire catchment areas i...

show abstract

Section: Vol 68 2002mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff

Kistemann

Claßen

Koch

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

363

248

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis are waterborne parasites that have caused several outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease associated with drinking water 16 . However, both water-borne and person to person transmission are important, as are animal-to-animal, animalto-human, and via foodstuffs 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first human infection was reported in 1976 11 . From then on it has been associated with diarrheal illness in most parts of the world 7,12,16 and is considered one of the causes of traveler's diarrhea. Cryptosporidiosis occurs in immunocompetent individuals and is a serious opportunistic infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, usually resulting in chronic, prolonged and life-threatening illness 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw water from the Atibaia river, Campinas, Brazil

Franco

Rocha-Eberhardt

Neto

2001

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYCryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis are waterborne parasites that have caused several outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease associated with drinking water. Due to the lack of studies about the occurrence of these protozoa in water in the Southeast of Brazil, an investigation was conducted to verify the presence of cysts and oocysts in superficial raw water of the Atibaia River. The water samples were submitted to membrane filtration (3.0 mm) and elution was processed by (1) scraping and rinsing of membrane (RM method) and (2) acetone-dissolution (ADM method). Microbiologic and chemical parameters were analyzed. Aliquots of the pellets were examined by immunofluorescence (Merifluor, Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, Ohio). All water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia, in spite of the high turbidity. Higher recovery rates occurred in samples treated by the RM method than by the ADM technique. The goal for future work is the assessment of viability of cysts and oocysts to determine the public health significance of this finding.

show abstract

“…While the combination of storm water and raw sewage in CSOs will dilute to some degree the concentration of pathogens that otherwise would be present in effluent comprised solely of raw sewage, typical CSO concentrations for total coliforms have been reported to range between 10 5 and 10 7 most probable number/100 ml (36). In several recent studies, levels of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum were measured in CSOs in urban areas during overflow events (6,51; National Risk Management Research Laboratory, USEPA, poster presented at the EPA Science Forum 2003, Washington, DC). A number of viruses, including poliovirus, infectious hepatitis virus, and coxsackie virus, have also been detected in CSOs during overflow events (22,71).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Gastrointestinal Disease Associated with Exposure to Pathogens in the Sediments of the Lower Passaic River

Donovan¹,

Staskal

Unice

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

High levels of pathogenic microorganisms have been documented previously in waters of the Lower Passaic River in northern New Jersey. The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbial contamination of river sediments near combined sewer overflows (CSOs), a known source of pathogens. Concentrations of fecal coliform, total coliform, fecal Streptococcus, fecal Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum organisms were measured in 16 samples from three mudflat locations along the Lower Passaic River, as well as from an upstream location. Selected samples were also analyzed for antibiotic resistance. All of the samples contained high concentrations of total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal Streptococcus, and fecal Enterococcus organisms. Analysis of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli from several samples indicated that each strain was resistant to at least one antibiotic typically used in clinical settings. Eight of 16 samples contained Giardia, and one sample contained Cryptosporidium. With these sampling data, a quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the probability of infection or illness resulting from incidental ingestion of contaminated sediments over a 1-year period. Three potential exposure scenarios were considered: visitor, recreator, and homeless person. Single-event risk was first evaluated for the three individual exposure scenarios; overall risk was then determined over a 1-year period using Monte Carlo techniques to characterize uncertainty.

show abstract

Protozoa in river water: sources, occurrence, and treatment

Cited by 53 publications

References 13 publications

Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff

Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw water from the Atibaia river, Campinas, Brazil

Risk of Gastrointestinal Disease Associated with Exposure to Pathogens in the Sediments of the Lower Passaic River

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About