Prototyping Strategies: Literature Review and Identification of Critical Variables

Christie, Edward James; Jensen, Daniel D.; Buckley, Richard T.; Menefee, Devin A.; Ziegler, Kyle Kenneth; Wood, Kristin L.; Crawford, Richard H.

doi:10.18260/1-2--21848

Cited by 40 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Iteration is the sequential testing and refinement of a prototype (Christie et al. 2012) (see Figure 6). It is as a key technique.…”

Section: Enhancing Design Prototype Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iteration allows the gradual achievement of requirements (Christie et al. 2012). It is particularly useful to meet challenging requirements (Moe, Jensen & Wood 2004).…”

Section: Enhancing Design Prototype Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parallel prototyping can help provide critical feedback for concept selection (Christie et al. 2012). A theoretical model suggests that the number of parallel concepts can be determined in a similar manner to that for iteration.…”

Section: Enhancing Design Prototype Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that threshold minimum requirements can be addressed in early development stages (Christie et al. 2012). Relaxed requirement prototyping can act as a facilitator to enable parallel prototyping and iteration (Thomke & Bell 2001) at a more rapid pace (Drezner & Huang 2009).…”

Section: Reducing Design Prototype Cost and Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Constructing subsystems in isolation can permit development of a tailored prototyping strategy for that subsystem (Christie et al. 2012). A study of military design efforts found that isolated subsystem testing (for large and complex systems) can provide useful data for about 60% of the cost of an integrated prototyping effort (Drezner & Huang 2009).…”

Section: Reducing Design Prototype Cost and Timementioning

confidence: 99%

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Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines

et al. 2017

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Prototyping is interwoven with nearly all product, service, and systems development efforts. A prototype is a pre-production representation of some aspect of a concept or final design. Prototyping often predetermines a large portion of resource deployment in development and influences design project success. This review surveys literature sources in engineering, management, design science, and architecture. The study is focused around design prototyping for early stage design. Insights are synthesized from critical review of the literature: key objectives of prototyping, critical review of major techniques, relationships between techniques, and a strategy matrix to connect objectives to techniques. The review is supported with exemplar prototypes provided from industrial design efforts. Techniques are roughly categorized into those that improve the outcomes of prototyping directly, and those that enable prototyping through lowering of cost and time. Compact descriptions of each technique provide a foundation to compare the potential benefits and drawbacks of each. The review concludes with a summary of key observations, highlighted opportunities in the research, and a vision of the future of prototyping. This review aims to provide a resource for designers as well as set a trajectory for continuing innovation in the scientific research of design prototyping.

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“…Iteration is the sequential testing and refinement of a prototype (Christie et al. 2012) (see Figure 6). It is as a key technique.…”

Section: Enhancing Design Prototype Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iteration allows the gradual achievement of requirements (Christie et al. 2012). It is particularly useful to meet challenging requirements (Moe, Jensen & Wood 2004).…”

Section: Enhancing Design Prototype Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enhancing Design Prototype Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reducing Design Prototype Cost and Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reducing Design Prototype Cost and Timementioning

confidence: 99%

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Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines

et al. 2017

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Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives on Prototypes and Prototyping in Design

Jaiswal

Srinivasan

2023

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

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Prototyping for context: exploring stakeholder feedback based on prototype type, stakeholder group and question type

et al. 2019

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Engineering designers frequently use prototypes to gather input from stakeholders. Design guidelines recommend the use of quick and simple prototypes early and often in a design process. However, the type and quality of a prototype can influence how stakeholders perceive a new design concept and can, therefore, impact their responses. Additionally, different levels of experience, expertise, and preparedness for providing input to designers may lead stakeholders from different geographical or cultural settings to provide different responses, making the format of a prototype even more influential. Although design practitioners are known to intentionally align their prototyping approaches with the specific design question to be answered, it is unclear the extent to which prototyping approaches should vary based on the stakeholder, context, and setting of a design project. To investigate how the format and quality of prototypes influence stakeholders' responses, we conducted a field study with various medical professionals in Ghana. We presented prototypes for a medical device in different formats to stakeholders and collected responses to the design through semi-structured interviews. Our findings indicate that professional expertise, prototype format, and question type influenced the types of responses that stakeholders provided. These findings suggest that designers seeking input from stakeholders on new concepts should consider context-specific prototyping strategies, especially when designing at distance and across cultures.

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Prototyping Strategies: Literature Review and Identification of Critical Variables

Abstract: His research includes design of micro air vehicles, development of innovative design methodologies, and enhancement of engineering education. Jensen has authored approximately 100 papers and has been awarded more $2.5 million of research grants.

Cited by 40 publications

References 15 publications

Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines

Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines

Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives on Prototypes and Prototyping in Design

Prototyping for context: exploring stakeholder feedback based on prototype type, stakeholder group and question type

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