Prototypes of race and gender: The invisibility of Black women

Sesko, Amanda K.; Biernat, Monica

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.016

Cited by 316 publications

(266 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In other words, this suggests that the male members are perceived to be most prototypical of their nationalities, and therefore, their feminine and masculine connotations are applied across the entire nationality. Consistent with this line of thinking, Black women are perceived to be less prototypical of their racial group than Black men (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008;Sesko & Biernat, 2010). However, a recent study suggests that Asian men are perceived to be less prototypical of their racial group than Asian women (Schug, Alt, & Klauer, 2015).…”

Section: Limitations and Opportunities For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 86%

Gender Profiling

Hall

Galinsky

Phillips

2015

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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The current research integrates perspectives on gendered race and person-position fit to introduce the concept of a gender profile. We propose that both the "gender" of a person's biological sex and the "gender" of a person's race (Asians are perceived as feminine and Blacks as masculine) help comprise an individual's gender profile-the overall femininity or masculinity associated with their demographic characteristics. We also propose that occupational positions have gender profiles. Finally, we argue that the overall gender profile of one's demographics, rather than just one's biological sex, determines one's fit and hirability for feminine or masculine occupational roles. The current five studies establish the gender profiles of different races and sexes, and then demonstrate that individuals with feminine-typed and masculine-typed gender profiles are selected for feminine and masculine positions, respectively. These studies provide new insights on who gets ahead in different environments.

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Section: Limitations and Opportunities For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 86%

Gender Profiling

Hall

Galinsky

Phillips

2015

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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“…Other studies have shown that the cross-race effect is moderated by the perceived relevance of the minority person. For example, although Caucasian Americans display a cross-race effect for African American men and women, the effect is stronger for female faces (Sesko & Biemat, 2010), in part because perceivers assume African American women lack power and therefore are not relevant to the perceiver's goals or outcomes (Thomas & Dovidio, 2012; see also Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008). Studies of the cross-race effect provide only indirect evidence for invisibility because these memory studies generally have not separated the effect of attention at encoding from other variables that may affect storage and retrieval processes.…”

Section: Can African Americans Be Botb Hypervisible and Invisible?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The invisible man: Interpersonal goals moderate inattentional blindness to African Americans.

Brown-Iannuzzi¹,

Hoffman²,

Payne³

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Research on inattentional blindness demonstrates that when attending to 1 set of stimuli, people often fail to consciously perceive a task-irrelevant object. In this experiment, we tested for selective inattentional blindness to racial outgroup members. We reasoned that some racial groups would be perceived as more relevant than others, depending on the interpersonal goal that was active. White participants were primed with interpersonal goals that ranged from psychologically distant (searching for a coworker) to psychologically close (searching for a romantic partner). In the control condition, no goal was explicitly activated. Then, participants watched a video of 2 teams passing a ball and were asked to count the ball passes of one of the teams. In the middle of the video, a Caucasian or an African American man walked through the scene. Participants were then asked to report whether they had seen the interloper. Results revealed that as interpersonal goals became closer to the self, participants were less likely to see the African American man. This research demonstrates a new form of social exclusion based on early attention processes that may perpetuate racial bias.

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“…It is literally harder to be "seen," for your perspective to be heard, or your contributions credited when you don't fit easily with people's automatic lenses for noticing, making sense of, and understanding others, lenses that are institutionalized as well as held by individuals (Cheng 1996;Collins 1999;hooks 1989;Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach 2008;Sesko and Biernat 2010).…”

Section: Gender and Race Bindsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersecting Cultural Beliefs in Social Relations

2013

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We develop an evidence-based theoretical account of how widely shared cultural beliefs about gender, race, and class intersect in interpersonal and other social relational contexts in the United States to create characteristic cultural "binds" and freedoms for actors in those contexts. We treat gender, race, and class as systems of inequality that are culturally constructed as distinct but implicitly overlap through their defining beliefs, which reflect the perspectives of dominant groups in society. We cite evidence for the contextually contingent interactional "binds" and freedoms this creates for people such as Asian men, Black women, and poor whites who are not prototypical of images embedded in cultural gender, race, and class beliefs. All forms of unprototypicality create "binds," but freedoms result from being unprototypical of disadvantaging rather than advantaging statuses.An important but difficult challenge facing contemporary gender scholars lies in specifying how the system of macro-, meso-, and microlevel social processes that jointly create gender inequality systematically intersect with those that produce inequality based on race and social class (Collins 1990;Glenn 1999). In this article, we address a modest part of this complex problem. We consider how widely shared cultural beliefs

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Prototypes of race and gender: The invisibility of Black women

Cited by 316 publications

References 34 publications

Gender Profiling

Gender Profiling

The invisible man: Interpersonal goals moderate inattentional blindness to African Americans.

Intersecting Cultural Beliefs in Social Relations

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