Protothecosis: A report of two cases in Japan and a review of the literature

Matsuda, Tetsuo; Matsumoto, Tadahiko

doi:10.1007/bf00158575

Cited by 48 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Currently, six species are included in the genus Prototheca: Prototheca wickerhamii, Prototheca zopfii, Prototheca blaschkeae, Prototheca cutis, Prototheca ulmea and Prototheca stagnora (Roesler et al, 2006;Satoh et al, 2010;Roesler, 2011). The first four species have been shown to cause infections in animals, such as cattle and dogs (Frank et al, 1969;Hollingsworth, 2000;Jánosi et al, 2001;Stenner et al, 2007), and humans (Matsuda & Matsumoto, 1992;Lass-Flörl & Mayr, 2007;Todd et al, 2012). Recently, an increasing number of human cases of protothecosis have been reported, including opportunistic infection in immune-compromised individuals (Todd et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, an increasing number of human cases of protothecosis have been reported, including opportunistic infection in immune-compromised individuals (Todd et al, 2012). Clinical diagnoses of protothecosis had traditionally been made by histopathological examination of affected tissues and morphological and biochemical examinations of the isolated organism (Matsuda & Matsumoto, 1992;Lass-Flörl and Mayr, 2007). However, these phenotypic analyses often generated ambiguous results, making it difficult to determine the causative species of Prototheca (Casal et al, 1997;McMullan et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prototheca miyajii sp. nov., isolated from a patient with systemic protothecosis

Masuda

Hirose

Ishikawa

et al. 2016

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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Species of the genus Prototheca are achlorophyllous algae and ubiquitous in nature, and so far, six species have been listed in this genus: Prototheca wickerhamii, Prototheca zopfii, Prototheca blaschkeae, Prototheca cutis, Prototheca stagnora and Prototheca ulmea. A strain of the genus Prototheca, IFM 53848 T , was isolated in Japan from a patient with systemic protothecosis and had been designated P. wickerhamii. Our previous study, by using PCR analysis, revealed that its SSU rRNA gene (rDNA) was distinctively larger than that of P. wickerhamii and other species of the genus Prototheca. In this study, molecular analysis showed that the exceptionally large SSU rDNA of IFM 53848 T contains four group I introns. The morphology of IFM 53848 T was indistinguishable from those of P. wickerhamii or P. cutis, and phylogenetic analyses, based on the sequences of the SSU rDNA exons and the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rDNA, indicated that IFM 53848 T was closely related to P. cutis. On the other hand, unlike P. cutis, IFM 53848 T failed to assimilate fructose or lysine and grew well at higher temperatures of up to 42 8C. In addition, the nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and the matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry profile of IFM 53848 T were clearly distinct from those of P. cutis. The results strongly suggest that IFM 53848 T represents a novel species, and so the seventh member of the genus Prototheca, which we have named Prototheca miyajii sp. nov. The unique characteristics of the strain may provide useful insights into the systematic taxonomy of the genus Prototheca.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prototheca miyajii sp. nov., isolated from a patient with systemic protothecosis

Masuda

Hirose

Ishikawa

et al. 2016

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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“…P. wickerhamii is predominantly isolated from clinical cases of human infections (Bianchi et al, 2000;Matsuda & Matsumoto, 1992). P. zopfii causes infections in animals, particularly of diary cows or dogs (Blogg & Sykes, 1995;Ginel et al, 1997;Schultze et al, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Emended phenotypic characterization of Prototheca zopfii: a proposal for three biotypes and standards for their identification

Roesler

Scholz

Hensel

2003

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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A representative selection of Prototheca zopfii strains isolated from different environmental habitats or clinical cases was characterized in a polyphasic approach in order to assess their intraspecies taxonomic position. Recently, the recognition of distinct phenotypic clusters has been reported as the assignment of 'variants'. In the present study, 11 strains were compared by a number of phenotypic and genetic criteria, including growth characteristics, biochemical reactions and serotyping results. Based on emended standards for biotype identification, P. zopfii strains showed auxanographic differences and distinct assimilation patterns with respect to utilization of amino acids and glycerol. Serotyping by means of immunoblotting revealed that all isolates of variant II obtained from clinical cases, i.e. isolates from bovine mastitis or from human enteropathia, showed specific antigen patterns. They were found to be different from strains assigned to the other two variants with respect to their immunogenic antigens. Furthermore, comparison of partial 18S rDNA sequences confirmed distinct differences between the former variants. Based on these results, it is proposed that P. zopfii merits classification as a species comprising three biotypes.

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“…The first case of bovine mammary infection was reported in 1952 (17). Whereas in the past only sporadic cases of Prototheca mastitis have been observed, cases of acute to chronic mastitis are recognized increasingly today to be endemic worldwide (1,9,13,18,24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Immunodiagnostic Identification of Dairy Cows Infected with Prototheca zopfii at Various Clinical Stages and Discrimination between Infected and Uninfected Cows

2001

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Protothecosis is a severe form of mastitis in cattle that is caused by colorless algae of the genus Prototheca. So far, no suitable serological test for the identification of infected animals is available for routine diagnosis. In this study an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the identification of infected cows and for discriminating among infected cows at various clinical stages was developed. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum and IgA and IgG1 in whey were used as antibody isotypes. The ELISA was evaluated using serum and whey from animals at different clinical stages of infection. A total of 12 cows with acute clinical manifestation of protothecal mastitis, 22 cows with clinical signs of chronic mastitis, 40 Prototheca zopfii-negative cows, and 18 cows with chronic clinical signs and earlier cultures positive for P. zopfii but with presently negative culturing results were investigated. A sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 94% were calculated for the ELISA based on IgA levels. Intra-assay and interassay variations were calculated to be 6.08 and 6.32%, respectively. Based on these data, this ELISA was found to be suitable for discrimination between infected and uninfected animals and might therefore be useful for screening affected herds.

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Protothecosis: A report of two cases in Japan and a review of the literature

Cited by 48 publications

References 50 publications

Prototheca miyajii sp. nov., isolated from a patient with systemic protothecosis

Prototheca miyajii sp. nov., isolated from a patient with systemic protothecosis

Emended phenotypic characterization of Prototheca zopfii: a proposal for three biotypes and standards for their identification

Immunodiagnostic Identification of Dairy Cows Infected with Prototheca zopfii at Various Clinical Stages and Discrimination between Infected and Uninfected Cows

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