Protonic Conduction in the Single Crystals of SrZr_0.95M_0.05O₃ (M=Y, Sc, Yb, Er)

Abstract

The relativistic framework with its symmetries offers a natural definition for the internal time of classical (non-quantum) physical systems as a Lorentz-invariant observable. The internal-time observable, measuring the system's aging or internal evolution, is identified with the proper time of the system derived from its centre-of-mass (CM) coordinate. For its definition as an observable it is required that the system be symmetric not only under Lorentz-Poincaré transformations but also under uniform scaling, with the associated existence of a dilatation function D, and yet that D be a varying-not conserved-quantity. Two alternative definitions are discussed, and it is found that in order to maintain simultaneity of the CM time with the events that define it, it is necessary to split the dilatation function into a CM part and an internal part.

Thermionic emission of protons across a grain boundary in 5 mol% Y-doped SrZrO3, a hydrogen pump

“…The s N of p-SZY5 and its activation energy (0.59 eV) determined in this study agree well with those of the s-SZY5 (See Fig. 2) [28,30]. The slope of s N changes in the temperature region above w450 C due to the loss of protons, consistent with previous observations [28,30].…”

“…3 displays the Arrhenius plots of the bulk and specific grain-boundary conductivities of the p-SZY5 (s N and s gb , respectively, and the subscripts N and gb denote bulk and grain boundary hereafter). Also included for comparison are the plots of single crystal SZY5 (s-SZY5) previously reported [28,30]. It should be noted that the specific grain-boundary conductivity is defined to be average conductivity of a grain boundary.…”

High proton conduction in grain-boundary-free yttrium-doped barium zirconate films grown by pulsed laser deposition

“…• C, the conductivity in the humidified atmosphere was larger than that in both dry atmospheres, in agreement with other studies on protonconducting crystals 40,41 . The significant increase in the activation energy under dry conditions, compared with wet conditions, clearly indicated that the nature of the charge carriers changed 42 .…”

Structural Phase Transitions between 700 and 850.DEG.C. in SrZrO3 Studied by Raman Spectroscopy

“…Higher order coupling terms may exist between the optical mode and strain when considering the Imma to I4/mcm transition. Probably due to coupling between the soft optic mode and spontaneous strain, the softening is incomplete in the phonon modes of SrZrO 3 . In both our previous 13) and present papers we have demonstrated three phase transitions of SrZrO 3 from the point of view of lattice dynamics.…”