Proton Quantum Tunneling: Influence and Relevance to Acidosis-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias/Cardiac Arrest

Abstract

Acidosis and its associated pathologies predispose patients to develop cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest. These arrhythmias are assumed to be the result of membrane depolarization, however, the exact mechanism of depolarization during acidosis is not well defined. In our study, the model of quantum tunneling of protons is used to explain the membrane depolarization that occurs during acidosis. It is found that protons can tunnel through closed activation and inactivation gates of voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.5 that are present in the membrane of cardiac cells. The quantum tunneling of protons results in quantum conductance, which is evaluated to assess its effect on membrane potential. The quantum conductance of extracellular protons is higher than that of intracellular protons. This predicts an inward quantum current of protons through the closed sodium channels. Additionally, the values of quantum conductance are influential and can depolarize the membrane potential according to the quantum version of the GHK equation. The quantum mechanism of depolarization is distinct from other mechanisms because the quantum model suggests that protons can directly depolarize the membrane potential, and not only through indirect effects as proposed by other mechanisms in the literature. Understanding the pathophysiology of arrhythmias mediated by depolarization during acidosis is crucial to treat and control them and to improve the overall clinical outcomes of patients.

Avogadro Number’s-oriented HyperGeometric and ChebyshevT Functions for Black Hole Paradox Generalizations and Turing Machine Ruled Quantum Homeopathy Water Memory Entanglements for the Translation of COVID19 Homeopathy Remedies into the Neprilysin and ACE

“…These end goals of these Quantum Communication sessions will be delivered to the boundary solution in a five-dimensional Chern-Simons supergravity application layer. [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] In this effort, I propose QFT to QM Maximally Entangled States to achieve very high accuracy levels as say of the position and momentum, and spin and polarization projections which are represented in this Quantum Homeopathy paradigm, by Hermitian operators for the generation of Quantum Hormetic designed molecules of the Roccustyrna_gs, the Roccustyrna_fr, the Roccustyrna_gs_consv, and the Gissitorviffirna_TM ligands. The biological essence of this scheme is illustrated here by Quantum formalization of Quantum fields Theory (QFT) Uncertainities and Topology Geometric Methods in a Functional Quantum Negative Space for FH0∆ holomorphic functions for the generation of novel drug designs and theirs generalized k-nearest neighbors within this Quantum Homeopathy computing chemical context targeted in a atomistic level the (S) Spike proteins and its aspartic acid (SD614) and glycine (SG614) protein apparatus.…”

“…Entanglement could be described here by the global variable 'no substance present' and the local variable "drug design" that the remedy is really translated to as if it was a remedy with 'something' in it and as another way of reconstructing chemical geometrics which would be that of a global variable 'specific remedy with no substance present' and the local variable 'chemical geometry shapes'. [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] Given the breadth of this mathematical geometry applications for Turing Machine learning approaches in biology, Ι focus my discussion below on these types of Quantum Homeopathy advantages and their potential applications in lieu of specific drug designing methods. Improvements to training landscapes that refer to the reduction or removal of barren plateaus and narrow gorges in the landscape of the objective function of a gradient-based learning algorithm may stem from the unitary property of (many) quantum circuits, which inherently maintain the length of the input feature vector throughout the computation 180] provided where an appropriate input encoding is used following a more dedicated, more precise, and more time-and energy-consuming interpretation of homeopathy remedies.…”

Quantum Biology Research Meets Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Mechanisms: A Biomedical Perspective

“…At this stage of quantum biology studies, there are only mathematical models that would provide a new theory on ion channels functioning and related mechanisms of actions. Recent theoretical models [64,66,67] have suggested that different factors like hypoxia or inflammation implicated in the pathogenesis of excitability disorders, such as cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, and chronic pain disorders, can decrease the energy of the ion channel gate. In their calculations, authors showed that the gate-energy decrease caused by such factors can significantly augment the quantum tunneling to the degree that sodium, potassium ions, and protons will be able to depolarize the resting membrane potential.…”

“…Additionally, the model of quantum tunneling has been applied on protons during acidosis and its related pathologies [66]. The mathematical calculations have shown that protons quantum tunneling through the closed sodium channels can depolarize the membrane potential, hence, cardiac arrhythmias or even cardiac arrest could happen.…”

“…Moreover, these low quantum conductance values were not able to affect the resting membrane potential of excitable tissues [63]. This indicates that the quantum behaviour of sodium and potassium ions, which are the main ions that determine the resting membrane potential, not only does not affect normal physiology, being compatible with normal cellular functions during the resting membrane potential, but even allows for a better explanation for several observed physiological and pathological phenomena [66,67].…”