Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the anterior cingulate region in schizophrenia

Deicken, Raymond F.; Zhou, Ling; Schuff, Norbert; Weiner, Michael W.

doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00082-0

Cited by 67 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Accordingly, the results obtained by Callicott et al 23 , Bertolino et al 18,26 , Deicken et al 19,30 and Fukuzako et al 41 did not show any correlation between NAA concentration and dosage of anti-psychotic drug.…”

Section: Medicationmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The alterations most often found in the overall comparison of patients with healthy volunteers were a decrease of the NAA/Cr ratio [17][18][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and of the NAA absolute value 19,30,31 . Regarding subgroup comparisons, Heimberg et al 32 , Bustillo et al 33 and Ende et al 34 found NAA differences between schizophrenics treated with atypical anti-psychotics as compared to schizophrenics under typical neuroleptics, and between each subgroup and its control.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among 16 [18][19][22][23][24][25][26][28][29][30]34,[44][45][46][47][48] articles that have evaluated bilateral frontal lobe, in ten [18][19][22][23][24][25][26][28][29]34 the abnormalities were the same bilaterally and in two 30,47 studies NAA differences were found only on the left side. In the other four [44][45][46]48 studies no differences were found.…”

Section: Lateralitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in schizophrenic patients using spectroscopy have demonstrated alterations in NAA levels in some brain regions, such as the mesial temporal lobe and, to a lesser extent, in the frontal lobe [17][18][19][20] . Such findings are con-sistent with theoretical assumptions about an abnormal development of neuronal pathways in these brain regions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal lobe in schizophrenics: a critical review of the methodology

et al. 2004

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Schizophrenic patients undergoing proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy show alterations in N-acetyl aspartate levels in several brain regions, indicating neuronal dysfunction. The present review focuses on the main proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in the frontal lobe of schizophrenics. A MEDLINE search, from 1991 to March 2004, was carried out using the key-words spectroscopy and schizophrenia and proton and frontal. In addition, articles cited in the reference list of the studies obtained through MEDLINE were included. As a result, 27 articles were selected. The results were inconsistent, 19 papers reporting changes in the N-acetyl aspartate levels, while 8 reported no change. Methodological analysis led to the conclusion that the discrepancy may be due the following factors: (i) number of participants; (ii) variation in the clinical and demographic characteristics of the groups; (iii) little standardization of the acquisition parameters of spectroscopy. Overall, studies that fulfill strict methodological criteria show N-acetyl aspartate decrease in the frontal lobe of male schizophrenics.

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Section: Medicationmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lateralitymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal lobe in schizophrenics: a critical review of the methodology

et al. 2004

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“…The reduced NAA levels correlated with the severity of negative symptoms and poor performance in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Other brain regions where NAA reductions have been reported in schizophrenia include the thalamus (Deicken et al, 2000a;Ende et al, 2003;Jakary et al, 2005), anterior cingulate cortex (Deicken et al, 1997) and the cerebellum (Ende et al, 2005).…”

Section: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging Of Naamentioning

confidence: 99%

N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: From neurodiagnostics to neurobiology

Moffett

Ross

Arun

et al. 2007

Progress in Neurobiology

1,178

1,072

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The brain is unique among organs in many respects, including its mechanisms of lipid synthesis and energy production. The nervous system-specific metabolite N-acetylaspartate (NAA), which is synthesized from aspartate and acetyl-coenzyme A in neurons, appears to be a key link in these distinct biochemical features of CNS metabolism. During early postnatal CNS development, the expression of lipogenic enzymes in oligodendrocytes, including the NAA-degrading enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA), is increased along with increased NAA production in neurons. NAA is transported from neurons to the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, where ASPA cleaves the acetate moiety for use in fatty acid and steroid synthesis. The fatty acids and steroids produced then go on to be used as building blocks for myelin lipid synthesis. Mutations in the gene for ASPA result in the fatal leukodystrophy Canavan disease, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Once postnatal myelination is completed, NAA may continue to be involved in myelin lipid turnover in adults, but it also appears to adopt other roles, including a bioenergetic role in neuronal mitochondria. NAA and ATP metabolism appear to be linked indirectly, whereby acetylation of aspartate may facilitate its removal from neuronal mitochondria, thus favoring conversion of glutamate to alpha ketoglutarate which can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle for energy production. In its role as a mechanism for enhancing mitochondrial energy production from glutamate, NAA is in a key position to act as a magnetic resonance spectroscopy marker for neuronal health, viability and number. Evidence suggests that NAA is a direct precursor for the enzymatic synthesis of the neuron specific dipeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate, the most concentrated neuropeptide in the human brain. Other proposed roles for NAA include neuronal osmoregulation and axon-glial signaling. We propose that NAA may also be involved in brain nitrogen balance. Further research will be required to more fully understand the biochemical functions served by NAA in CNS development and activity, and additional functions are likely to be discovered.

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