Proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance investigation considering internal heterogeneity of current density – A novel method study

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Focused on Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Membranes

“…This type of fuel cell re-quires short time for running due to its low temperature, making it the best option in vehicle applications as an alternative for internal diesel combustion engines and gasoline ones. Further, these systems have suitable applications in household generators, small plants, as well as transportation [31].…”

Materials, components, assembly and performance of flexible polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell: A review

“…Therefore, the obstacles that the flexible energy supplies face may be resolved by reasonably designing and fabricating flexible fuel cells. Among the various fuel cells, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell [17][18][19][20][21] exhibits a significant superiority in the flexible power generators due to the flexible and solid electrolyte membrane [22] commonly used (e.g., Nafion membrane [23]), low operation temperature (less than or equal to 80 • C), or compact design. However, although the PEM is flexible, the catalyst layers (CLs) [24][25][26][27][28][29][30], gas diffusion layers (GDLs) [18,31,32], and bipolar plates [33][34][35] traditionally used are rigid, brittle, heavy, bulky, or expensive, limiting the application of PEMFC in the flexible energy supplies.…”