Proton-Conducting Polymeric Membranes Based on 1,2,4-Triazole

Abstract

In this review, a comparative analysis of the literature and our own results obtained in the study of the physicochemical, dielectric, and proton-conducting properties of composite polymer materials based on 1H-1,2,4-triazole has been carried out. It has been established that 1H-1,2,4-triazole and homopolymers and copolymers of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole are promising for the development of proton-conducting fuel cell membranes. They significantly improve the basic characteristics of electrolyte membranes, increase their film-forming ability, increase thermal stability up to 300–330 °C, increase the electrochemical stability region up to 3–4 V, promote high mechanical strength and morphological stability of membranes, and provide high ionic conductivity (up to 10−3–10−1 S/cm) under anhydrous conditions at temperatures above 100 °C. There is also an improvement in the solubility and a decrease in the glass transition temperature of polymers based on 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole, which facilitates the processing and formation of membrane films. The results obtained demonstrate the uniqueness of 1H-1,2,4-triazole and (co)polymers based on 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole and the promise of their use for the creation of heat-resistant plastic and electrochemically stable, mechanically strong proton-conducting membranes with high ionic conductivity under anhydrous conditions and at high temperatures.

Anhydrous proton conductor consisting of protamine–monododecyl phosphate composite with self-assembled structure

“…Similar results, such as the complex formation by an electrostatic interaction, have been reported for various anhydrous acid–base proton conductors. 11,20,28…”

Bio-mimetic sensing characteristics of differently synthesized polyanilines towards the surrounding electrical and chemical energetic conditions

“…Conducting polymers can be considered as polymer gels with the capacity to conduct electricity, exhibit responsive sensing capabilities akin to biological functions [7][8][9]. These polymers possess diverse electro-active properties such as electro-chemo mechanical behavior [10], charge storage [11], and electro chromic [12,13], which make them suitable for a variety of applications such as artificial muscles [14], intelligent membranes [15,16], dynamic windows [17], supercapacitors [18][19][20], batteries [21,22], tissue engineering [23,24], sensors [25][26][27] etc. The electro-chemo mechanical property of conducting polymers proves particularly valuable in the advancement of artificial muscles.…”