Protocols for the Graphic and Constructive Diffusion of Digital Twins of the Architectural Heritage That Guarantee Universal Accessibility through AR and VR

Abstract

The objective of this article is to generate and validate a workflow that allows us to use virtual twins obtained from unique buildings of our architectural heritage. These twins will guarantee the preservation and dissemination of cultural assets and will promote universal accessibility through new technologies, such as databases, metaverses, virtual reality, augmented reality or gamification. This universal accessibility is based on new metaverses to offer experiences that allow us to overcome physical barriers and reach any user regardless of their economic or physical condition or their location. To obtain this workflow, we worked with digital twins obtained by photogrammetry. Different databases and metaverses were studied, understanding them as new systems for the representation and dissemination of architecture. These metaverses were critically assessed and screened, looking for the most suitable one to be integrated into an effective workflow that satisfies a series of imposed premises, such as being suitable for use in virtual reality and augmented reality environments. The ultimate goal is the aforementioned universal accessibility.

Digital Twins and Enabling Technologies in Museums and Cultural Heritage: An Overview

“…From 16 papers, we have derived a short list of smart phone and smart watch built-in sensors : GPS, gyroscope, accelerometers, inclinometers and video cameras [ 21 , 33 ] are used in IoT [ 10 , 15 ]; digital identification RFID [ 25 , 26 , 36 ], indoor positioning and visitors’ motion tracking are used in DTs [ 18 , 30 , 37 , 40 ] and in the supervision of exhibits/products, and environmental sensing [ 25 , 31 , 32 , 39 , 42 ]. Motion tracking sensors are needed for monitoring device movement, such as tilt, shake and rotation (velocity).…”

“…Such sensors can collect blood pressure and pulse; skin sensors [ 16 ] identify the wearer’s current glucose level. A further sensor group uses digital technologies to augment or emulate the five human senses touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste and are used in VR and XR applications: multimodal sensors [ 12 ], smart glasses [ 5 , 6 , 40 ], optical sensors [ 13 , 27 ], gloves (with optical sensors) [ 13 ], hand/body trackers, helmets, external sensors [ 6 ] and eye trackers [ 12 ].…”

“…Based on a reference corpus resulting from a search for scientific publications in books, journals and conference papers on the keywords virtual museums , digital twins , emerging technologies and sensor in leading science databases [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], we classify DTs according to their application areas, relevant technologies and concepts depending on type, focus and features, sensor technology used and adaptation or innovation power throughout their life cycle. Design, realization, operation and evolution are guided by experts, engineers, customers, curators, software engineers and visitors, all of whom define adequate quality criteria (QC) and metrics (QM) for DTs and ViMs V&VA.…”

“…In this review paper, we examine prominent science databases for occurrences of the terms virtual, museum, digital, twin, emerging, technologies, and sensor in journals, book chapters, conference papers and ePublications. Recent searches in Scopus, IEEEXplore, and Google Scholar with the search string “virtual AND museum AND digital AND twin AND emerging AND technologies AND sensor” yield 43 relevant publications [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] from the last 13 years, 34 of which were in Scopus, 3 of which were excluded because the keywords were used in other meanings, such as “Siamese twins” (cf. Figure 1 and Figure A1 in the Appendix A ).…”

Rapid and Low-Cost Photogrammetric Survey of Hazardous Sites, From Measurements to Vr Dissemination

“…In particular, low-cost rapid surveying techniques have further facilitated these non-traditional applications, spreading them to more resource-limited contexts or projects. This is the case of close-range photogrammetry employed from the ground or by a drone to create digital copies and 3D assets (Herrmann and Pastorelli, 2014;Comes et al, 2022;Cruz et al, 2022). As testimony of the growing use of reality-based photogrammetric 3D model for non-metrological application, there are productions such as the series "The Mandalorian" by Disney, and video games such as "The Vanishing of Ethan Carter" by the developer's studio "The Astronauts", both made use of imagebased 3D assets to build their virtual scenes.…”