Protocatechuic acid counteracts oxidative stress and inflammation in carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice

Abstract

PCA (protocatechuic acid), a phenolic compound found in teas, fruits and vegetables, is widely recognized with its antioxidant and anti-in ammatory activities. Here we veri ed the protective role of PCA on carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. PCA (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) administration was applied for ve consecutive days prior to the carrageenan injection. Diclofenac sodium (20 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug. PCA pretreatment notably decreased the volume of the developed edema and alleviated the histopathological alterations induced by carrageenan. Additionally, PCA administration enhanced the cellular antioxidant capacity as demonstrated by the increased levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione, in addition to the decreased malondialdehyde level in the edematous tissue. Interestingly, PCA administration was able to suppress the developed in ammatory response upon carrageenan injection as indicated by the decreased levels and expression of proin ammatory cytokines and mediators including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interlukin-1 beta, interlukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-II, prostaglandin E2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, myeloperoxidase and nuclear factor kappa B. These results collectively con rm the protective effect of PCA against carrageenan-induced paw edema owing to its antioxidant and anti-in ammatory characteristics.

Protective Action Mechanisms of Launaea mucronata Extract and Its Nano-Formulation against Nephrotoxicity in Rats as Revealed via Biochemical, Histopathological, and UPLC-QTOF–MS/MS Analyses

“…In this study, pretreatment with LME and LMNS limited the elevation in COX-2 and PGE2 levels and reduced the inflammation relative to the K 2 Cr 2 O 7 -treated group. The anti-inflammatory effect of LME may be likewise attributed to flavonoids and phenolic acids, such as luteolin, apigenin, and protocatechuic acid which were all found to abrogate the inflammatory response through the inhibition of COX-2 and PGE2 [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Ethyl Protocatechuate Encapsulation in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Assessment of Pharmacotechnical Parameters and Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation for Colorectal Cancer Treatment

“…Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a catechol-like molecule with mixed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], probably due to its fairly simple structure and the consequent multi-target and off-target interactions [ 22 ]. Similar to other natural compounds, these multi-modal, sometimes “opposite” effects could be related to a state-dependent activity.…”