Protocatechuic Acid Ameliorates High Fat Diet‐Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice

Abstract

Scope Insulin resistance is a common feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes and partly results from an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Therefore, efficient and safe insulin resistance treatment therapies are warranted. This work is aim to access the impact of protocatechuic acid (PCA), a catechol‐type O‐diphenol phenolic acid, in high fat diet (HFD)‐induced glucose, and lipid dysregulation. Methods and results Five‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice are fed with HFD for 4 weeks and then are randomly divided into two cohorts: one cohort feed with HFD is free access to sterile water for 4 weeks, another cohort is free access to PCA‐containing water (2.7 mM) for 4 weeks with HFD. In this study, using a hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic mouse clamp, it is showed that PCA‐treated mice display improved systemic insulin resistance via enhanced fatty acid mobilization and utilization, thereby reducing ectopic lipid accumulation and promoting hepatic and peripheral insulin action. Conclusions This study provides insights on the potent pharmacological effects of PCA from food sources on improving high fat diet (HFD)‐induced whole‐body insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Injury via Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Mice

“…More than 20 kinds of C3G metabolites (C3G-Ms) in serum have been identified [ 64 ]. Among them, protocatechuic acid [ 65 , 66 , 67 ], vanillic acid [ 68 , 69 ] or their derivatives are the main bioactive metabolites, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The metabolites of C3G detected in this study were protocatechoic acid, methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, et al, which may increase C3G bioavailability and contribute to the repair of gut mucosal barrier and intestinal microbiota disorder [ 70 , 71 ].…”

Análisis del ácido protocatécuico (componente químico del maracuyá) como antioxidante de aminoácidos; Usando química cuántica

“…Colectivamente, APCC puede mejorar la resistencia a la insulina hepática y el estado oxidativo vascular mediante la modulación de las vías IRS1/PI3K/AKT2 y AGE-RAGE-NOX4, respectivamente. Xiang et al (2023) Analizaron el impacto del APCC, un ácido fenólico O-difenol de tipo catecol, en la glucosa inducida por una dieta alta en grasas (HFD) y la desregulación de los lípidos. Ellos concluyeron que este estudio proporciona información sobre los potentes efectos farmacológicos del APCC de P á g i n a 9647 fuentes alimenticias para mejorar la resistencia a la insulina en todo el cuerpo inducida por una dieta alta en grasas (HFD) y la diabetes tipo 2.…”

Dietary Achievable Dose of Protocatechuic Acid, a Metabolite of Flavonoids, Inhibits High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Obesity in Mice

“…[12][13][14][15] As such, these metabolites might be partially or even wholly responsible for the anti-obesogenic and activating adipose thermogenesis effects of these precursors. [8,9,11] Indeed, two independent groups have recently reported that dietary supplementation with PCA could inhibit HFD-induced obesity in mice and rats, [16,17] and could also increase UCP1 expression in mice. [17] However, the dose of PCA used in these two studies (100 mg kg −1 body weight) is ≈20-fold higher than that produced by gut microbiota transformation of regular human dietary flavonoids.…”

“…[8,9,11] Indeed, two independent groups have recently reported that dietary supplementation with PCA could inhibit HFD-induced obesity in mice and rats, [16,17] and could also increase UCP1 expression in mice. [17] However, the dose of PCA used in these two studies (100 mg kg −1 body weight) is ≈20-fold higher than that produced by gut microbiota transformation of regular human dietary flavonoids. [16][17][18] In other words, these findings may not faithfully reflect the contribution of PCA to its precursor flavonoids effect on obesity and adipose thermogenesis in vivo.…”

“…[ 17 ] However, the dose of PCA used in these two studies (100 mg kg −1 body weight) is ≈20‐fold higher than that produced by gut microbiota transformation of regular human dietary flavonoids. [ 16–18 ] In other words, these findings may not faithfully reflect the contribution of PCA to its precursor flavonoids effect on obesity and adipose thermogenesis in vivo. To this end, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of PCA at dietary achievable dose on adiposity and adipose thermogenesis in mice.…”