Protists from a sewage‐contaminated aquifer on cape cod, Massachusetts

Novarino, Gianfranco; Warren, Alan; Kinner, Nancy E.; Harvey, Ronald W.

doi:10.1080/01490459409377968

Cited by 33 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Studies examining similar environments using culturing techniques targeting a single group, e.g., ciliates or flagellates, have isolated several microeukaryotes, many of which appear to be numerous but that we failed to detect (5,21,22,29,48,49,56). Nevertheless, the 18S rRNA gene-based study and PLFA analysis collectively suggest that culture-based studies generally underestimate fungal levels in anaerobic ecosystems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Diversity of the Microeukaryotic Community in Sulfide-Rich Zodletone Spring (Oklahoma)

Luo¹,

Krumholz²,

Najar

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The microeukaryotic community in Zodletone Spring, a predominantly anaerobic sulfide and sulfur-rich spring, was examined using an 18S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing approach. The majority of the 288 clones sequenced from three different locations at Zodletone Spring belonged to the Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Fungi, with members of the phylum Cercozoa, order Diplomonadida, and family Jakobidae representing a minor fraction of the clone library. No sequences suggesting the presence of novel kingdom level diversity were detected in any of the three libraries. A large fraction of stramenopile clones encountered were monophyletic with either members of the genus Cafeteria (order Bicosoecida) or members of the order Labyrinthulida (slime nets), both of which have so far been encountered mainly in marine habitats. The majority of the observed fungal clone sequences belonged to the ascomycetous yeasts (order Saccharomycetales), were closely related to yeast genera within the Hymenobasidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycetes), or formed a novel fungal lineage with several previously published or database-deposited clones. To determine whether the unexpected abundance of fungal sequences in Zodletone Spring clone libraries represents a general pattern in anaerobic habitats, we generated three clone libraries from three different anaerobic settings (anaerobic sewage digester, pond sediment, and hydrocarbon-exposed aquifer sediments) and partially sequenced 210 of these clones. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that clone sequences belonging to the kingdom Fungi represent a significant fraction of all three clone libraries, an observation confirmed by phospholipid fatty acid and ergosterol analysis. Overall, this work reveals an unexpected abundance of Fungi in anaerobic habitats, describes a novel, yet-uncultured group of Fungi that appears to be widespread in anaerobic habitats, and indicates that several of the previously considered marine protists could also occur in nonmarine habitats.The utilization of culture-independent approaches for describing microbial assemblages in various ecosystems has altered our view on the breadth of prokaryotic diversity. For example, by extensive 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of various marine and terrestrial ecosystems, the number of bacterial divisions and candidate divisions has increased from 12 in 1987 (68) to at least 52 (53). Similarly, numerous novel archaeal lineages, many of which have a global distribution, have been detected in both marine (11) and terrestrial (7) ecosystems.Recently, a similar approach utilizing small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene amplification, cloning, and sequencing has been applied to study eukaryotic diversity. The few available studies primarily examined the microeukaryotic community in different marine environments, including the photic and aphotic zones of pelagic oceans (12,13,25,39,43,61), anoxic marine salt marsh sediments (60), and hydrothermal vents (17,38). Collectively, these studies suggest an unexpected level of diversity with the detection of sequen...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Diversity of the Microeukaryotic Community in Sulfide-Rich Zodletone Spring (Oklahoma)

Luo¹,

Krumholz²,

Najar

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Still, the abundance and diversity of protozoan communities in hydrocarboncontaminated environments are poorly documented; Rogerson and Berger (1981), for example, found that crude oil pollution neither affected seriously neither trophic nor encysted protozoa. Naked amoebae were observed in oil-impacted salt marshes (Anderson et al, 2001), whereas seven genera of flagellates and five genera of naked amoebae were identified in cultures obtained from a sewage-contaminated aquifer (Novarino et al, 1994). Coupe et al (2003) examined the protozoan diversity in cultures containing some of the different chemical constituents used in pavement construction and mineral oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular comparison of cultivable protozoa from a pristine and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polluted site

Lara

Berney

Ekelund

et al. 2007

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

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We compared the abundance and diversity of cultivable protozoa (flagellates and amoebae) in a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil and an unpolluted control, by isolating and cultivating clonal strains. The number of cultivable protozoa was higher in the polluted soil; however, the polluted soil displayed an impoverished community, dominated by certain taxa, such as Acanthamoeba sp. We isolated a total of 31 protozoan strains to characterize them morphologically and by 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This approach, i.e. combining morphological and molecular information had the advantage of providing quantitative data, information on morphology but also an accurate positioning of the isolates in 18S rRNA trees.

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“…4). The lack of a pH dependency in nanoflagellate attachment to aquifer sand grains, in contrast to the well-defined "adsorption edge" exhibited by the bacteria, suggests that attachment is likely to occur even at slightly to moderately alkaline pH, where the nanoflagellate and sand grain surfaces should be (18,30). The ability of the posterior filament to attach itself to a heterogeneous surface would occur at pHs that would be unfavorable to the attachment of most bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Nanoflagellates in the pore fluid of the porous media reached concentrations between 10 4 and 10 5 · ml Ϫ1 . Although the community of nanoflagellates in the Cape Cod contaminant plume consists of several genera, including Bodo, Cercomonas, Cryptaulax, Cyanthomomonas, Goniomonas, and Spumella, and some undescribed species (30), most of the nanoflagellates harvested from the porous media culture were 2-to 3-m S. guttula organisms (18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1991, the groundwater nanoflagellate Spumella guttula (Kent) (18) was used in a small-scale injection-and-recovery study (12) involving a sandy, treated-sewage-contaminated aquifer. The contaminated aquifer harbors a large (up to 10 5 /g [dry weight] [gdw]) (17) and diverse (29,30) protistan community, dominated by 2-to 3-m nanoflagellates that are largely associated with grain surfaces. The 1991 study suggested rather modest transport potentials for the liquid-broth-grown, vitally stained nanoflagellates.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Growth Conditions and Staining Procedure upon the Subsurface Transport and Attachment Behaviors of a Groundwater Protist

Harvey

Mayberry

Kinner

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The transport and attachment behaviors of Spumella guttula (Kent), a nanoflagellate (protist) found in contaminated and uncontaminated aquifer sediments in Cape Cod, Mass., were assessed in flowthrough and static columns and in a field injection-and-recovery transport experiment involving an array of multilevel samplers. Transport of S. guttula harvested from low-nutrient (10 mg of dissolved organic carbon per liter), slightly acidic, granular (porous) growth media was compared to earlier observations involving nanoflagellates grown in a traditional high-nutrient liquid broth. In contrast to the highly retarded (retardation factor of ϳ3) subsurface transport previously reported for S. guttula, the peak concentration of porous-medium-grown S. guttula traveled concomitantly with that of a conservative (bromide) tracer. About one-third of the porousmedium-grown nanoflagellates added to the aquifer were transported at least 2.8 m downgradient, compared to only ϳ2% of the broth-grown nanoflagellates. Flowthrough column studies revealed that a vital (hydroethidine [HE]) staining procedure resulted in considerably less attachment (more transport) of S. guttula in aquifer sediments than did a staining-and-fixation procedure involving 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and glutaraldehyde. The calculated collision efficiency (ϳ10 ؊2 for porous-medium-grown, DAPI-stained nanoflagellates) was comparable to that observed earlier for the indigenous community of unattached groundwater bacteria that serve as prey. The attachment of HE-labeled S. guttula onto aquifer sediment grains was independent of pH (over the range from pH 3 to 9) suggesting a primary attachment mechanism that may be fundamentally different from that of their prey bacteria, which exhibit sharp decreases in fractional attachment with increasing pH. The high degree of mobility of S. guttula in the aquifer sediments has important ecological implications for the protistan community within the temporally changing plume of organic contaminants in the Cape Cod aquifer.Recent findings regarding the role of protists in natural attenuation of organically contaminated aquifers 20; N. E. Kinner, R. W. Harvey, D. M. Shay, D. W. Metge, and, A. Warren, submitted for publication), in groundwater quality (25,36,37,41), and in controlling the flux of unattached bacteria in flowthrough column studies (5, 19) are leading to an increasing interest in their subsurface mobility. Although a number of recent studies examined the transport potential of oocysts of the obligate protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum through saturated porous media in laboratory microcosms (2, 9), little is known about the transport potential of protists that are indigenous to aquifers. In 1991, the groundwater nanoflagellate Spumella guttula (Kent) (18) was used in a small-scale injection-and-recovery study (12) involving a sandy, treated-sewage-contaminated aquifer. The contaminated aquifer harbors a large (up to 10 5 /g [dry weight] [gdw]) (17) and diverse (29, 30) protistan community, dominated ...

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Protists from a sewage‐contaminated aquifer on cape cod, Massachusetts

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

Diversity of the Microeukaryotic Community in Sulfide-Rich Zodletone Spring (Oklahoma)

Diversity of the Microeukaryotic Community in Sulfide-Rich Zodletone Spring (Oklahoma)

Molecular comparison of cultivable protozoa from a pristine and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polluted site

Effect of Growth Conditions and Staining Procedure upon the Subsurface Transport and Attachment Behaviors of a Groundwater Protist

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