Proteomics Research in Cardiovascular Medicine and Biomarker Discovery

Abstract

Proteomics is a systems physiology discipline to address the large-scale characterization of protein species within a biological system, be it a cell, a tissue, a body biofluid, an organism, or a cohort population. Building on advances from chemical analytical platforms (e.g., mass spectrometry and other technologies), proteomics approaches have contributed powerful applications in cardiovascular biomedicine, most notably in: 1) the discovery of circulating protein biomarkers of heart diseases from plasma samples; and 2) the identification of disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular tissues, in both preclinical models and translational studies. Contemporary proteomics investigations offer powerful means to simultaneously examine tens of thousands of proteins in various samples, and understand their molecular phenotypes in health and disease. This concise review introduces study design considerations, example applications and use cases, as well as interpretation and analysis of proteomics data in cardiovascular biomedicine.

Conceptual Foundations of Systems Biology Explaining Complex Cardiac Diseases

“…All these parameters are integrated and interacted with limited predictive capability for the natural history of clinical progression. There are wide applications of proteomics in cardiovascular diseases as they are the identification of circulating protein biomarkers and the recognition of diseases ’ pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets [56]. The evolution of isoform proteomics has significant consequences for cardiovascular research and probably for clinical application.…”

“…The evolution of isoform proteomics has significant consequences for cardiovascular research and probably for clinical application. In cardiovascular diseases these isoforms are represented “with differential expression levels or patterns, localizations, interactions, and post-translational modification in different cell types and during disease progression”[56]. These isoform changes are described during disease progression in ischemic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis and hypertrophy [57,58].…”

Ups and downs in heart failure: the case of proteomics

“…Proteomics methodology focuses on the characterization of all proteins and their interactions within a biological system rather than on study of the structure and function of a single protein. Such an analysis was made possible by advances in analytical chemistry and other implicated technologies that provide opportunities to investigate tens of thousands of proteins in various samples …”

“…The proteome is constantly changing in accordance with both physiological conditions, such as the different stages of the cell cycle, cell ageing and function, and environmental factors, such as stress. The basic concept underlying the application of proteomics in medicine is that diseases are characterized by differences in proteome expression and configurations . As a result, proteomics‐based studies compare the proteome between health and disease to identify those differences in protein expression .…”

“…Proteomics provides the link between the proteome and cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, thus allowing the molecular profiling of diseases and individuals . The complexity of the human proteome determined by the huge number of proteins and their dynamic variation and interactions is still posing significant challenges to analytical technologies.…”