Proteomic responses to environmentally induced oxidative stress

Abstract

Environmental (acute and chronic temperature, osmotic, hypoxic and pH) stress challenges the cellular redox balance and can lead to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review provides an overview of the reactions producing and scavenging ROS in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and peroxisome. It then compares these reactions with the findings of a number of studies investigating the proteomic responses of marine organisms to environmentally induced oxidative stress. These responses indicate that the thioredoxin-peroxiredoxin system is possibly more frequently recruited to scavenge H 2 O 2 than the glutathione system. Isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) are not ubiquitously induced in parallel, suggesting that SOD scavenging activity is sometimes sufficient. The glutathione system plays an important role in some organisms and probably also contributes to protecting protein thiols during environmental stress. Synthesis pathways of cysteine and selenocysteine, building blocks for glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, also play an important role in scavenging ROS during stress. The increased abundance of glutaredoxin and DyP-type peroxidase suggests a need for regulating the deglutathionylation of proteins and scavenging of peroxynitrite. Reducing equivalents for these scavenging reactions are generated by proteins of the pentose phosphate pathway and by NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, proteins representing reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport system generating NADH and ROS, including those of complex I, II and III, are frequently reduced in abundance with stress. Protein maturation in the ER likely represents another source of ROS during environmental stress, as indicated by simultaneous changes in ER chaperones and antioxidant proteins. Although there are still too few proteomic analyses of non-model organisms exposed to environmental stress for a general pattern to emerge, hyposaline and low pH stress show different responses from temperature and hypoxic stress. Furthermore, comparisons of closely related congeners differing in stress tolerance start to provide insights into biochemical processes contributing to adaptive differences, but more of these comparisons are needed to draw general conclusions. To fully take advantage of a systems approach, studies with longer time courses, including several tissues and more species comparisons are needed.

Molecular cloning, characterization, and the response of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase to PBDE-47 and -209 from the freshwater bivalve Anodonta woodiana

“…In healthy organism, total ROS level stay a relatively low level and ROS will be rapidly eliminated by an array of anti-oxidant enzymes to maintain a balance between ROS level and anti-oxidant enzyme activity [39,43]. Orchestra of anti-oxidant enzymes is a key hallmark of organism homeostasis.…”

“…Orchestra of anti-oxidant enzymes is a key hallmark of organism homeostasis. Moderate oxidative stress in a shorter time may function as an important player to induce different anti-oxidant enzyme expressions to deal with different ROS [25,26,43].…”

Can multi-generational exposure to ocean warming and acidification lead to the adaptation of life-history and physiology in a marine metazoan?

“…CS and ETS were chosen for their function: CS is a proxy for mitochondrial density (Rabøl et al, 2006), while ETS is a marker of maximum mitochondrial capacity (Schmidlin et al, 2015). We focused on mitochondria because it is likely that the mitochondrial response across multiple generations determines the magnitude of temperature change that a species can withstand (Blier et al, 2014;Seebacher et al, 2010;Tomanek, 2015). All physiological parameters were measured in sisters of the breeding female.…”

“…These processes are usually overlooked in climate change models focusing on biodiversity levels or species biogeographical responses (Cheung et al, 2009;Queirós et al, 2015), potentially resulting in over-or under-estimations of the biological implications of global change (Munday et al, 2013;Sunday et al, 2014;Calosi et al, 2016a). In part, this is due to the complexity of plastic and adaptive processes, which require an intimate knowledge of both species life-history strategy (Byrne and Przeslawski, 2013;Lucey et al, 2016) and the underlying physiological mechanisms, which determine the magnitude of environmental change that a species can withstand (Blier et al, 2014;Seebacher et al, 2010;Tomanek, 2015). To confound matters, global change drivers can also interact to modify a species' sensitivity to, or tolerance of, a single driver.…”

DIVING IN A WARMING WORLD: Thermal constraints on the diving capacity of estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)

“…disrupted nervous function (Ern et al, 2015), oxidative damage (Lushchak and Bagnyukova, 2006), enzyme inactivation (Sharpe and DeMichele, 1977;Schoolfield et al, 1981) and protein denaturation (Hofmann and Somero, 1995;Tomanek, 2015).…”