Neurodevelopmental proteasomopathies have recently emerged as a distinct class of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). These conditions involve alterations in genes of the 26S proteasome, a protein complex essential for maintaining protein homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. Our study identified 23 unique variants in PSMC5, which encodes the AAA-ATPase proteasome subunit PSMC5/Rpt6, causing syndromic NDD in 38 unrelated individuals. PSMC5 loss-of-function resulted in abnormal protein aggregation, profoundly affecting innate immune signaling, mitophagy rate, and lipid metabolism in samples of affected individuals samples. Moreover, the morphology of human hippocampal neurons was altered by overexpression of PSMC5 variants, while PSMC5 knockdown led to impaired reversal learning in flies and loss of excitatory synapses in rat hippocampal neurons. Promisingly, targeting key integrated stress response components like PKR and GCN2 kinases alleviated immune alterations in cells of affected individuals. These findings deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental proteasomopathies and link these disorders with neurodegenerative disease research.