Proteome Analysis of Molecular Events in Oral Pathogenesis and Virus: A Review with a Particular Focus on Periodontitis

Abstract

Some systemic diseases are unquestionably related to periodontal health, as periodontal disease can be an extension or manifestation of the primary disease process. One example is spontaneous gingival bleeding, resulting from anticoagulant treatment for cardiac diseases. One important aspect of periodontal therapy is the care of patients with poorly controlled disease who require surgery, such as patients with uncontrolled diabetes. We reviewed research on biomarkers and molecular events for various diseases, as well as candidate markers of periodontal disease. Content of this review: (1) Introduction, (2) Periodontal disease, (3) Bacterial and viral pathogens associated with periodontal disease, (4) Stem cells in periodontal tissue, (5) Clinical applications of mass spectrometry using MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analyses, (6) Proteome analysis of molecular events in oral pathogenesis of virus in GCF, saliva, and other oral Components in periodontal disease, (7) Outlook for the future and (8) Conclusions. This review discusses proteome analysis of molecular events in the pathogenesis of oral diseases and viruses, and has a particular focus on periodontitis.

Accidental oral bleeding in a dementia patient taking anticoagulants: A case report

“…Among dental diseases, periodontal disease is the first local condition considered, especially when an oral anticoagulant is being taken. 7 Bleeding due to periodontal disease is generally seen from the gingival sulci rather than from mucosal surfaces. Bleeding due to periodontal disease was ruled out in this case, but is the most common cause, and transient bleeding due to periodontal disease might have been considered for this patient in the absence of any other clear cause.…”

“…This section mainly describes the differential diagnoses considered in this specific case. Among dental diseases, periodontal disease is the first local condition considered, especially when an oral anticoagulant is being taken 7 . Bleeding due to periodontal disease is generally seen from the gingival sulci rather than from mucosal surfaces.…”

“…2,6 Among cases of accidental oral bleeding attributed to the dental field in older individuals taking anticoagulants, bleeding due to periodontal disease is usually considered. 7,8 Poor control of anticoagulants and high blood pressure may be thought of as triggers. 9However, oral bleeding can involve a wide variety of contributing factors, and the cause is often difficult to investigate, especially in geriatric facilities (other than hospitals) as limited medical environments.…”

Proteomic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus and periodontitis

“…Proteome, which defines the entire set of proteins that can be expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell, has attracted considerable attention because it can directly lead to the development of targeted therapeutics and identification of disease markers. In recent years, proteomic technology has been used to identify periodontitis biomarkers, with the discovery of several promising candidates as a result of exhaustive studies [14][15][16][17]. To determine the identity of biomarkers, extracted proteins are separated by one-and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and their massto-charge ratios are measured with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS).…”

Application of Proteomics in Apical Periodontitis

“…Proteins could also serve as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets, for example, antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein 27 (29,30). Therefore, researchers have conducted proteomics-based studies to investigate oral diseases including caries (31), gingivitis (32), periodontitis (33), pulp and periradicular diseases (34), as well as oral cancer (35).…”