“…The term transcription-coupled repair (TCR) has been used to incorporate these broader, yet poorly defined XPA and UVSSA-independent protective activities (Hanawalt and Spivak, 2008;Hoeijmakers, 2009). In addition, it has been proposed that CS symptoms may follow from DNA damage in mitochondria (Kamenisch et al, 2010;Scheibye-Knudsen et al, 2012), or from transcriptional abnormalities independent of, or in complement to DNA repair deficits (Nouspikel, 2008).…”