Proteins involved in fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid transport across the intestinal cells: New insights from the past decade

Antioxidant interaction between α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol in HepG2 cells

“…It can be speculated that the binary mixture at high concentrations may compete with each other for related transporters, resulting in a decrease in cellular uptake. 33,34 It was worth noting that the cellular uptake of γ-oryzanol under the combination of TO5.5 and TO11 was significantly higher than that in the case when γ-oryzanol was used individually ( p < 0.05), indicating the coexistence of α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol at appropriate concentrations could even promote the cellular uptake of both. As a hydrophobic molecule mainly located in membranes, α-tocopherol contributes together with other lipids to the physical and structural characteristics such as membrane stability, fluidity, curvature and microdomains.…”

“…32 Similarly, it can be speculated that γ-oryzanol may compete with α-tocopherol for related transporters and result in a decrease of cellular uptake of α-tocopherol when the concentrations of binary mixture increase constantly. 33,34…”

Retinoic acids and nuclear receptor signaling in liver development: Pathogenic roles in liver diseases

“…Subsequently, it gets encapsulated into chylomicron particles, which are transported to the lymphatic system or portal vein. 6,7 Some of the chylomicron particles reach the liver, where they are converted into retinol, and subsequently transferred to lipid-like cells or Golgi bodies for storage. When the body requires vitamin A, retinol binds with retinol-binding protein (RBP) in the liver, forming the retinol-RBP complex.…”

“…Upon entering the body, vitamin A from food sources undergoes initial absorption by intestinal epithelial cells, followed by metabolism to RES. Subsequently, it gets encapsulated into chylomicron particles, which are transported to the lymphatic system or portal vein 6,7 . Some of the chylomicron particles reach the liver, where they are converted into retinol, and subsequently transferred to lipid‐like cells or Golgi bodies for storage.…”