Proteins but not amino acids, carbohydrates, or fats stimulate cholecystokinin secretion in the rat

Liddle, Roger A.; Green, G. M.; Conrad, C K; Williams, John A.

doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1986.251.2.g243

Cited by 121 publications

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“…HP diets increase satiety response, which has been attributed to increased hormone concentrations, including glucagon like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin that are known to curb appetite (Liddle et al, 1986;Backus et al, 1995;Lejeune et al, 2006). The exact mechanisms by which satiety is reached and the hormone interactions that occur are still unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovariohysterectomy alters body composition and adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression in cats fed a high-protein or moderate-protein diet

Vester

Sutter

Keel

et al. 2009

Animal

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The objective of this study was to measure changes in body composition, physical activity and adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression of cats fed a high-protein (HP) diet or moderate-protein (MP) diet, following ovariohysterectomy. Eight cats were randomized onto HP or MP diets and were fed those diets for several months prior to baseline. All cats underwent an ovariohysterectomy at baseline (week 0) and were allowed ad libitum access to dietary treatments for 24 weeks. Food intake was measured daily, and BW and body condition score were measured weekly. Blood, adipose and skeletal muscle tissue samples were collected, physical activity was measured, and body composition was determined using DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) at weeks 0, 12 and 24. Caloric intake increased soon after ovariohysterectomy, resulting in increased ( P , 0.05) BW at weeks 12 and 24 compared to week 0. Body condition score and body fat percentage increased ( P , 0.05) over time. Blood glucose increased ( P , 0.05) linearly over time. Non-esterified fatty acids were decreased ( P , 0.05) at weeks 12 and 24 compared to week 0. Blood leptin increased ( P , 0.05) over time. Total physical activity decreased ( P , 0.05) from week 0 to weeks 12 and 24 in all cats. Adipose tissue mRNA abundance of adiponectin, hormone sensitive lipase, toll-like receptor-4, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor decreased ( P , 0.05) linearly over time, regardless of diet. Skeletal muscle mRNA abundance for glucose transporter-1, hormone sensitive lipase and UCP2 were decreased ( P , 0.05), regardless of dietary treatment. Our research noted metabolic changes following ovariohysterectomy that are in agreement with gene expression changes pertaining to lipid metabolism. Feeding cats ad libitum after ovariohysterectomy is inadvisable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovariohysterectomy alters body composition and adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression in cats fed a high-protein or moderate-protein diet

Vester

Sutter

Keel

et al. 2009

Animal

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“…High-protein diets have also been reported to increase satiety (12 -14) . This satiety effect may be mediated by cholecystokinin, as in rodents, a high-protein diet induces increased cholecystokinin production (15) , and cholecystokinin has been linked to an increased satiety in humans (16) .Protein has been used in experimental studies on bodyweight regulation (3 -7) . These trials show that an increase in protein intake reduces body weight in subjects consuming an ad libitum or isoenergetic diet.…”

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confidence: 99%

Macronutrient distribution over a period of 23 years in relation to energy intake and body fatness

et al. 2008

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The distribution of the four macronutrients is associated with energy intake and body fatness according to short-term interventions. The present study involves macronutrient distribution in relation to energy intake and body fatness over a period of 23 years in individuals who have ad libitum access to food. Eight follow-up measurements have been performed in 168 men and 182 women who participate in the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. From the age of 13 years onwards, dietary intake, physical activity and the thickness of four skinfolds have been assessed. Body fatness was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the age of 36 years. Generalised estimating equation regression analyses showed that energy percentages (En%) from protein and (in men) carbohydrates were inversely related to energy intake, while the En% from fat was positively related with energy intake. The men and women with high body fatness at the age of 36 years had a 1 En% higher protein intake, and the women with high body fatness had a 2 En% lower alcohol intake at the age of 32 and 36 years. The apparent inconsistent relationships between protein and energy intake and protein and body fatness can in women be explained by reverse causation and underreporting, as in women, low energy intake could not be explained by low physical activity. In conclusion, high intake of protein and (in men) carbohydrate, and low intake of fat are inversely related to total energy intake. High body fatness at the age of 36 years is related to a higher protein intake and, in women, to a lower alcohol intake.Macronutrient distribution: Energy intake: Body fatness: Adolescence to adulthood follow-up: Long-term longitudinal studies Obesity, the excess of body fatness, is an increasingly important worldwide public health problem (1) . A misbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure causes obesity. The relative amounts consumed of the four macronutrients also matters (2) . Recently, more attention has been given to protein because high-protein diets have been found to be inversely related to obesity (3 -7) . Protein is known to cause a higher diet-induced thermogenesis per kJ than fats or carbohydrates, leading to a lower metabolic efficiency (8 -10) . The synthesis of peptide bonds, the production of urea and gluconeogenesis are all metabolic processes with a high energy requirement that are elevated by the consumption of a highprotein diet (8,11) . High-protein diets have also been reported to increase satiety (12 -14) . This satiety effect may be mediated by cholecystokinin, as in rodents, a high-protein diet induces increased cholecystokinin production (15) , and cholecystokinin has been linked to an increased satiety in humans (16) .Protein has been used in experimental studies on bodyweight regulation (3 -7) . These trials show that an increase in protein intake reduces body weight in subjects consuming an ad libitum or isoenergetic diet. In addition, after weight loss high-protein diets reduced weight regain (14) . These tr...

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“…When administered exogenously, leptin induces several physiological changes, the most dramatic of which is the rapid loss of body fat (11). CCK, a peptide produced and stored within enteroendocrine I cells of the upper small intestine, is secreted in response to fat or protein in the intestinal lumen (12). When administered exogenously or released endogenously, CCK decreases meal size and evokes a behavioral pattern consistent with an enhancement of the satiation process (31).…”

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confidence: 99%

Leptin and CCK modulate complementary background conductances to depolarize cultured nodose neurons

Peters

Ritter

Simasko

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology

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-We have previously reported that intraceliac infusion of leptin induces a reduction of meal size that depends on intact vagal afferents. This effect of leptin is enhanced in the presence of cholecystokinin (CCK). The mechanisms by which leptin and CCK activate vagal afferent neurons are not known. In the present study, we have begun to address this question by using patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques to examine the mechanisms by which leptin and CCK activate cultured vagal afferents from adult rat nodose ganglia. We found that leptin depolarized 41 (60%) of 68 neurons. The magnitude of membrane depolarization was dependent on leptin concentration and occurred in both capsaicin-sensitive and capsaicin-insensitive neurons. We also found that a majority (16 of 22; 73%) of nodose neurons activated by leptin were also sensitive to CCK. CCK-induced depolarization was primarily associated with the increase of an inward current (11 of 12), whereas leptin induced multiple changes in background conductances through a decrease in an outward current (7 of 13), an increase in an inward current (3 of 13), or both (3 of 13). However, further isolation of background currents by recording in solutions that contained only sodium or only potassium revealed that both leptin and CCK were capable of increasing a sodium-dependent conductance or inhibiting a potassium-dependent conductance. Our results support the hypothesis that vagal afferents are a point of convergence and integration of leptin and CCK signaling for control of food intake and suggest multiple ionic mechanisms by which leptin and CCK activate vagal afferent neurons.cholecystokinin; vagal afferents; capsaicin; satiation THE ADIPOKINE HORMONE LEPTIN and the intestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) have profound effects on food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin is secreted into the systemic blood primarily by white adipose tissue (7,14). When administered exogenously, leptin induces several physiological changes, the most dramatic of which is the rapid loss of body fat (11). CCK, a peptide produced and stored within enteroendocrine I cells of the upper small intestine, is secreted in response to fat or protein in the intestinal lumen (12). When administered exogenously or released endogenously, CCK decreases meal size and evokes a behavioral pattern consistent with an enhancement of the satiation process (31). During the past 10 years, several observations (2,15,18,19) have suggested that leptin and CCK may interact synergistically at multiple levels along the neuroaxis to produce changes in food intake and energy expenditure. Indeed, recent reports from our laboratory and others suggest that such leptin-CCK synergy may even occur at the level of primary vagal afferent neurons.Vagal afferent neurons innervate a majority of the abdominal viscera and express both leptin and CCK receptors (4 -6, 17). It is well established that satiation produced by peripheral CCK involves activation of vagal afferent neurons (10,21,29,30,32). On the other hand, many effects ...

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Proteins but not amino acids, carbohydrates, or fats stimulate cholecystokinin secretion in the rat

Cited by 121 publications

References 0 publications

Ovariohysterectomy alters body composition and adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression in cats fed a high-protein or moderate-protein diet

Ovariohysterectomy alters body composition and adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression in cats fed a high-protein or moderate-protein diet

Macronutrient distribution over a period of 23 years in relation to energy intake and body fatness

Leptin and CCK modulate complementary background conductances to depolarize cultured nodose neurons

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