Proteinase-sculptured 3D-printed graphene/polylactic acid electrodes as potential biosensing platforms: towards enzymatic modeling of 3D-printed structures

Manzanares‐Palenzuela, C. Lorena; Hermanová, Soňa; Sofer, Zdeněk; Pumera, Martin

doi:10.1039/c9nr02754h

Cited by 92 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Another strategy is the incorporation of metal nanoparticles and graphene in a PLA filament to create conductivity with the printed geometries. This has served as a base to create interconnections, resistive sensors (Kamyshny and Magdassi, 2019;Manzanares-Palenzuela et al, 2019). The same nanomaterials have been used with pastes, hydrogels, and elastomers to fabricate tactile sensors used in e-skin (Guo et al, 2017;Lei et al, 2017), as anode and cathode in 3D printed batteries (Park et al, 2017), and as a self-healing active in a stretchable thermoelectric generator (Kee et al, 2019).…”

Section: Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

2020

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The concept of flexible electronics has been around for several decades. In principle, anything thin or very long can become flexible. While cables and wiring are the prime example for flexibility, it was not until the space race that silicon wafers used for solar cells in satellites were thinned to increase their power per weight ratio, thus allowing a certain degree of warping. This concept permitted the first flexible solar cells in the 1960s (Crabb and Treble, 1967). The development of conductive polymers (Shirakawa et al., 1977), organic semiconductors, and amorphous silicon (Chittick et al., 1969; Okaniwa et al., 1983) in the following decades meant huge strides toward flexibility and processability, and thus these materials became the base for electronic devices in applications that require bending, rolling, folding, and stretching, among other properties that cannot be fulfilled by conventional electronics (Cheng and Wagner, 2009) (Figure 1). Presently there is great interest in new materials and fabrication techniques which allow for highperformance scalable electronic devices to be manufactured directly onto flexible substrates. This interest has also extended to not only flexibility but also properties like stretchability and healability which can be achieved by utilizing elastomeric substrates with strong molecular interactions (Oh et al., 2016; Kang et al., 2018). Likewise, biocompatibility and biodegradability has been achieved through polymers that do not cause adverse effect to the body and can be broken down into smaller constituent pieces after utilization (Bettinger and Bao, 2010; Irimia-Vladu et al., 2010; Liu H. et al., 2019). This new progress is now enabling devices which can conform to complex and dynamic surfaces, such as those found in biological systems and bioinspired soft robotics. These next-generation flexible electronics open up a wide range of exciting new applications such as flexible lighting and display technologies for consumer electronics, architecture, and textiles, wearables with sensors that help monitor our health and habits, implantable electronics for improved medical imaging and diagnostics, as well as extending the functionality of robots and unmanned aircraft through lightweight and conformable energy harvesting devices and sensors. While conventional electronics are very capable of these functions, flexible electronics are intended to expand the mechanical features to adhere to novel form factors through hybrid strategies, or as standalone solutions where the application does not require high computation power, intended to be highly robust to deformation, low cost, thin, or disposable. The definition of flexibility differs from application to application. From bending and rolling for easier handling of large area photovoltaics, to conforming onto irregular shapes, folding, twisting, stretching, and deforming required for devices in electronic skin, all while maintaining device performance and reliability. While early progress and many important innovations have alre...

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Section: Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

2020

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“…Biological treatments: If the objective of the previous described activation methods is to expose the graphene embedded within the polymer to the electrode surface without disrupting their structural and mechanical properties, Pumera's group developed a controllable environmentally friendly biocatalytic process to partially digest the insulating PLA filament by exploiting the biodegradability of PLA with the proteinase K. [45] Thus, it was possible to sculpt 3D-printed MC electroactive surfaces through tailoring the exposed conductive graphene edges, obtaining highly sensitive, selective and reproducible transducers.…”

Section: Surface Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the presented 3Dprinted electrode exhibits some limitations for the determination of compounds with high oxidation potentials like phenol due to the gold surface oxidation. Additionally, same research group developed a 3D-printed BM (bio)sensor for the electrochemical determination 1-naphthol in water, [45] which is an analytically relevant molecule as industrial phenolic contaminant and as an environmental biomarker of carbaryl and naphthalene pollutants. Such determination was carried out directly or through a biosensing approach via physically immobilization of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase on the electrode surface, since this enzyme enables the conversion of 1-naphthyl phosphate into 1-naphthol.…”

Section: Detection Of Small Organic Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accounts in 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Sensors: Towards Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants

Muñoz

Pumera

2020

ChemElectroChem

Self Cite

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Heavy metal ions, small organic molecules and inorganic pollutants are some environmentally hazardous compounds that negatively impact the ecosystem and public health, owing to their high toxicity, persistency and bioaccumulation. This makes it essential to develop rapid, simple, low‐cost and sensitive devices for in situ monitoring of these toxic contaminants. In this sense, 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique, which is transforming the way that materials are turned into functional devices by prototyping bespoke 3D materials via layer‐by‐layer deposition. This technology can offer enormous potential to environmental devices, where electrochemical sensing platforms have been on the rise, as they offer decentralized and tailored fabrication of on‐demand, low‐cost, at‐point‐of‐use systems. Although this research is still in an early stage, this Minireview aims to point out the most widely used additive manufacturing technology and materials for 3D‐printed electrode fabrication, as well as some pivotal activation procedural steps necessary to enhance their electroanalytical capabilities. Indeed, the potential of 3D‐printed electrochemical sensors to monitor a range of important hazardous pollutants in aqueous samples is reported, visualizing the future of this technology to develop integrated low‐cost analytical electronic systems for direct environmental detection in remote areas of the globe.

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“…They used the printed electrodes as a tactile sensor with good sensitivity and reproducibility and for electrochemical detection of sodium chloride with 1µM detection limit. Another approach for 3D printing electrodes using fused deposition modeling was proposed by Palenzuela et al [74]. A commercially available graphene/polylactic acid filament was used to print electrodes of distinctive shapes designed on CAD software ( Figure 9B).…”

Section: D Printed Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Biosensor Arrays for Medical Diagnostics

Sharafeldin¹,

Jones²,

Rusling³

2018

Preprint

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While the technology is relatively new, low cost 3D printing has impacted many aspects of human life. 3D printers are being used as manufacturing tools for a wide variety of devices in a spectrum of applications ranging from diagnosis to implants to external prostheses. The ease of use and availability of 3D design software and low cost has made 3D printing an accessible manufacturing and fabrication tool in many research laboratories. 3D printers can print materials with varying density, optical character, strength and chemical properties providing platforms for a huge number of strategies that can be chosen for user's needs. In this review, we focus on applications in biomedical diagnostics and how this revolutionary technique is facilitating development of low cost, sensitive and often geometrically complex tools. 3D printing in fabrication of microfluidics, supporting equipment, optical and electronic components of diagnostic devices is presented. Emerging diagnostic 3D bioprinting as a tool to incorporate living cells or biomaterials into 3D printing is also discussed.

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Proteinase-sculptured 3D-printed graphene/polylactic acid electrodes as potential biosensing platforms: towards enzymatic modeling of 3D-printed structures

Abstract: We exploit the biodegradability of polylactic acid to sculpt 3D-printed surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale. Graphene/polylactic acid electrodes were activated by selective enzyme-guided cleavage of polylactic acid fragments at the surface.

Cited by 92 publications

References 52 publications

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

Accounts in 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Sensors: Towards Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants

3D Printed Biosensor Arrays for Medical Diagnostics

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