Protein-to-Energy Ratios in Complete Feeds for Calves at Ages 8 to 18 Weeks

Schurman, E.; Kesler, E.M.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(74)85070-8

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A range of research has been undertaken over the last few decades to quantify the responses of prepubertal ruminants to various dietary protein to energy ratios. While the NRC () recommended 16% CP for growing heifers from 2 to 6 month of age and 12% for heifers older than 6 months of age, some other research identified optimal performance for calves with a 16–18% crude protein (CP) diet (Schurman and Kesler, ; Veira et al., ). Schurman and Kesler () suggested that calves subjected to 11.78 g/MJ dietary CP: metabolizable energy (ME) ratio for approximately 1.0 kg/day rate of gain could achieve superior growth and feed efficiency, whereas higher CP:ME ratio (12.47 or 21.43 g/MJ) had relatively lower ratio digestibility and N utilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the NRC () recommended 16% CP for growing heifers from 2 to 6 month of age and 12% for heifers older than 6 months of age, some other research identified optimal performance for calves with a 16–18% crude protein (CP) diet (Schurman and Kesler, ; Veira et al., ). Schurman and Kesler () suggested that calves subjected to 11.78 g/MJ dietary CP: metabolizable energy (ME) ratio for approximately 1.0 kg/day rate of gain could achieve superior growth and feed efficiency, whereas higher CP:ME ratio (12.47 or 21.43 g/MJ) had relatively lower ratio digestibility and N utilization. Gabler and Heinrichs () evaluated different dietary CP:ME ratios in Holstein heifers between 125 and 234 kg BW at a growth rate of 0.80 kg/day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feeding different dietary protein to energy ratios to Holstein heifers: effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2016

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Eighteen Chinese Holstein heifers average age 230 ± 14 days were allocated to 1 of 3 dietary crude protein (CP) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratios to examine the effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters with 90-days experiment. Three different dietary CP:ME ratios were targeted based on the formulation of dietary CP contents of 10.85%, 12.78% and 14.63% on dry matter (DM) basis with similar ME contents (10.42 MJ/kg DM), which were categorized as low, medium and high dietary CP:ME ratios. The actual CP:ME ratios obtained in this study significantly increased from low to high CP:ME ratio groups with a value of 10.59, 11.83 and 13.38 g/MJ respectively. Elevated CP:ME ratios significantly increased CP intake (kg/day) and feed efficiency (FE) which was defined as dry matter intake as a proportion of average daily gain (ADG), whereas little difference was observed in body weight (kg), ADG (kg/day), DM intake (kg/day) and ME intake (MJ/day) among the three different CP:ME ratio groups. Increasing dietary CP to ME ratios significantly increased CP digestibility, whereas digestibility of DM and gross energy remained constant in the current experiment. Blood urea nitrogen and insulin-like growth factor-1 linearly increased with increasing dietary CP:ME ratios. There was significantly dietary treatment effect on rumen fermentation parameters including acetate, propionate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids. Therefore, this study indicated that increasing dietary CP levels with similar energy content contributed to increased protein intake and its digestibility, as well as FE. Holstein heifers between 200 and 341 kg subjected to 13.38 dietary CP:ME ratio showed improved feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, some blood metabolites and rumen fermentation characteristics for 0.90 kg/day rate of gain.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding different dietary protein to energy ratios to Holstein heifers: effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2016

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…Numerous studies (Bagg et al, 1985;Kertz et al, 1987;Radcliff et al, 1997;and Van Amburgh et al, 1998) have evaluated dietary protein and energy on Holstein prepubertal heifer growth, yet few have evaluated protein and energy together as a relationship, such as a ratio (CP:ME). Schurman and Kesler (1974) evaluated CP:ME ratios (49.3, 52.2, and 89.7 g of CP per Mcal of ME) in ruminating dairy calves, 74 to 142 kg of BW. The lowest CP:ME ratios, 49.3 and 52.2, resulted in superior growth and feed efficiency (FE), while the 49.3 CP:ME ratio improved ration digestibility and N utilization (Schurman and Kesler, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schurman and Kesler (1974) evaluated CP:ME ratios (49.3, 52.2, and 89.7 g of CP per Mcal of ME) in ruminating dairy calves, 74 to 142 kg of BW. The lowest CP:ME ratios, 49.3 and 52.2, resulted in superior growth and feed efficiency (FE), while the 49.3 CP:ME ratio improved ration digestibility and N utilization (Schurman and Kesler, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Protein to Metabolizable Energy Ratios on Feed Efficiency and Structural Growth of Prepubertal Holstein Heifers

Gabler¹,

Heinrichs

2003

Journal of Dairy Science

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Sixty Holstein heifers, 124.5 +/- 1.1 d of age and 124.9 +/- 2.5 kg of BW, were used to evaluate the influence of dietary crude protein to metabolizable energy ratio (CP:ME) on feed efficiency, structural growth, and body condition score. Treatment rations containing a specific CP:ME ratio were assigned to heifers in a complete randomized block design with treatment periods lasting 20 wk. The CP:ME ratios were 48.3, 59.1, 67.5, and 76.5 g of CP per Mcal of ME. The CP:ME ratios were altered by adjusting the concentration of CP (12.0,15.2, 17.4, and 19.7% CP) with similar amounts of ME (2.6 Mcal/kg DM) across all treatment rations. BW was recorded weekly on two consecutive days and used to adjust dry matter intake to allow approximately 0.80 kg/d gain. Average daily gain did not differ between the treatment rations, 0.74, 0.81, 0.81, 0.77 kg/d, low to highest CP:ME ratio, respectively. Dry matter intake showed a quadratic effect for the treatment rations, 3.30, 3.41, 3.48, and 3.39 kg/d, low to highest CP:ME ratio, respectively, and averaged 2.0% BW. Feed efficiency improved linearly with increasing CP:ME ratios, 4.76, 4.42, 4.35, and 4.33, respectively. The increased CP:ME ratios were accompanied by increasing levels of plasma urea N, 9.88, 13.34, 14.94, and 16.57 mg/dl, respectively. A trend toward linear increases in wither and hip height growth resulted with increasing CP:ME. Hip width growth was quadratic with increasing CP:ME ratios. Observed linear effects in feed efficiency and some structural growth measurements demonstrate positive results when feeding CP:ME ratios >48.3 to Holstein heifers between 125 and 234 kg of BW and gaining 0.80 kg/d.

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“…Early work established the minimum CP concentration in starter diets to be around 16% (Leibholz & Kang, 1973;Morrill & Melton, 1973). Although many studies reported increased weight gains with diets containing more than 20% CP (Bartley, 1973;Schurman & Kesler, 1974;Akayezu et al, 1994), most researchers doubt the advantage of more than 220 g/kg CP in calf diets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of rumen inert fat supplementation and protein degradability in starter and finishing diets on veal calf performance

Cruywagen

Lategan²,

Hoffman³

2004

SA J. An. Sci.

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Thirty six Holstein bull calves were divided into six groups to determine the effect of protein degradability and rumen inert fat supplementation in starter and finishing diets on nutrient digestibility and veal production. Calves received low (LD) or high (HD) degradable protein diets, with or without rumen inert fat supplementation. Two commercial fat sources were used, Morlac (mlc) and Golden Flake (gf), included in the experimental diets at 2.5% of dry matter (DM). A commercial milk replacer was fed to all calves at 4 L/day for 42 days, followed by 2 L/day until weaning at 49 days of age. Starter diets were offered ad lib. from day 14 to 10 weeks of age and finishing diets ad lib. from 11 to 20 weeks of age. All calves were slaughtered at 20 weeks to determine carcass weight and dressing percentage. There were no significant differences in body weight gain or dry matter intake over the entire 20 week period. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved when fat was supplemented to LD, but not to HD diets. The FCR (DM intake/kg gain) of LD, HD, LDmlc, HDmlc, LDgf and HDgf diets was 3.45, 3.44, 3.07, 3.81, 3.02 and 3.43, respectively. All 36 calves were used in a digestibility trial during week 18 of the study, using chromium oxide as a marker. Apparent digestibility values (%) for LD, HD, LDmlc, HDmlc, LDgf and HDgf, respectively, were 61.7, 65.9, 75.4, 69.0, 75.5 and 67.2 for DM, 61.4, 61.6, 71.3, 68.2, 75.4 and 66.1 for crude protein and 58.6, 66.5, 76.0, 70.9, 78.4 and 70.8 for fat. Dry matter and fat digestibilities were significantly higher when fat was added to LD diets, but not to HD diets. The CP digestibility was significantly higher when fat was added to either the LD or the HD diets. It was concluded that rumen inert fat supplementation to calf diets appears to improve feed conversion ratio and DM and fat digestibilities, but only when added to low degradable protein diets and only after 10 weeks of age. Crude protein digestibility appears to improve with fat supplementation to either high or low degradable protein diets.

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Protein-to-Energy Ratios in Complete Feeds for Calves at Ages 8 to 18 Weeks

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

Feeding different dietary protein to energy ratios to Holstein heifers: effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters

Feeding different dietary protein to energy ratios to Holstein heifers: effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters

Dietary Protein to Metabolizable Energy Ratios on Feed Efficiency and Structural Growth of Prepubertal Holstein Heifers

The effect of rumen inert fat supplementation and protein degradability in starter and finishing diets on veal calf performance

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